Gardening as a Relaxing Hobby Essay

Amidst the problems with climate change and the food shortage in some parts of the world, certain hobbies may become beneficial to humankind. In my personal attempt to help in alleviating this environmental dilemma, I recently engaged myself in a hobby that is useful for myself and to the environment. Gardening is a hobby that I am quite interested in. This hobby is important to me as I am trying to go organic and help the environment in my own little way. Since I am just a beginner in this hobby, I know only little in this particular field and I have plenty of questions that need answers. Gardening may look easy at the start but tending the garden is actually a task that needs knowledge in plants and soil composition. I am moving towards in creating an organic garden that I find beneficial, since I can grow food in my backyard. However, I need to know what plants are best to plant in a particular season. In addition, I need to be knowledgeable on how I will be able to manage pests in my garden without using chemical pest control and how I will be able to add necessary nutrients in my garden soil to assure plants holistic growth. I managed to answer some of my queries through reading and researching about the particular topic. The main research tool that I used is the internet where I managed to find sites that are credible and reliable. They provided tips and suggestions on how to manage an organic garden effectively and efficiently. Also, I managed to find reading materials like magazine and books that contain articles on managing an organic garden. These are also reliable sources of information about the hobby. As a form of evaluating the sources, I assure that the material comes from an expert or someone who is knowledgeable in the topic. Gardening is a hobby that is beneficial to humankind and to the environment.

Utopia Story

Utopia Thomas Mere's utopia which was the predecessor for the concept continues to be appropriated into a range of cultures and contexts. Increasingly however, these are Utopias are dyspepsia. A utopia is defined as an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect. The word was first used in the book Utopia (1516) by Sir Thomas More. The opposite of utopia is a dyspepsia, an imagined place or state in which everything is unpleasant or bad, typically a totalitarian or environmentally degraded one.The themes present in the texts Utopia, Cataract, Fahrenheit 451 and the Pedestrian whether they are a Utopia or a Dyspepsia intertwine and give us a sense that the slightest push in any direction for our society could result in a catastrophic dyspepsia. In Ray Bursary's The Pedestrian, the idea of technology taking over and the decline of human feelings and interactions are strongly represented. In The Pedestrian Bradbury has used a futuristic setting of society to critiqu e It. He presents the undesired characteristics lying within our society and enhances and pronounces hem in The Pedestrian.He conveys the alienation and lack of emotions that is beginning to show in our society and presents them in his text a possible future for humanity if we were to go down that path. The way Bradbury represents technology in his short story is as if it is evil and tearing humanity apart. So devoid of emotion is the environment and surroundings of the main character that it creates a giant contrast to the main character to who Is, to the audience symbolizes as us, an average person All of the techniques such as metaphors and similes are used to enhance the alienation of the main character representing us from the environment and everything else.In the text Cataract, the main themes are, like the pedestrian, the taking over of technology and loss of humanity. In Cataract, It Is In the future and every child Is made and selected through a far more advanced form of I F where the best genes are extracted from the parent's and then Implanted back In the mother. The hair and eye color and sex are chosen, any possibility for diseased genes is removed and as he characters are told â€Å"the children are still you, simply the best of you†.The story centers on Vincent, a child who was conceived naturally and suffered immensely because of the new way to discriminate, through inferior genes. The way the world In Cataract Is presented to the audience, with employees checking Into work by having their fingers pricked to test their blood and how strictly business like and devoid of emotion it is works to present a possible dyspepsia for our society through Cataract. Science and technology is key, there is no time nor place for emotion, this is was Cataract represents.Fahrenheit 451 Is another dyspepsia text that presents the themes of lacking emotion and the taking over of technology, In this text, everything we know In our society has been twisted a nd stretched to the extreme to resemble something we barely recognize. Firemen are now employed to burn all books, starting fires instead of putting them out. The characters in this text are shadows, seemingly without a purpose or many emotions.The concept of talking to each other and enjoying the environment is alien to them, their only form of enjoyment a four wall TV that surrounds like a room, further cutting them off from emotion, humanity and enclosing them in technology as such. These Dyspepsia are all conceived from the original Utopia written by Sir Thomas More, and are used like More did, to critique the society the authors live or lived in. The extreme elements in each of these Utopias could be possible and that is what the authors wanted to present, almost like a warning to us. Emily Newman

Analysis of “Mr Sookhoo” and “A Cat Within”

Money has been, throughout the history of humanity, an end and an aim for human action. In their pursuit of money, people have followed different paths; some honourable, legitimate and legal and others devoid of legality, honour and legitimacy. Indeed, in the short story collection Stories from Around the World complied by Hilary Patel, many stories examine the impact of money and financial considerations on the decisions that many characters make. In â€Å"Mr Sookhoo†, the eponymous character is immediately identified to the reader as someone whose sole concern in life is the accumulation of wealth and riches. Mr Sookhoo, sitting on his porch and chewing at a tooth pick discloses an ingenious idea to his helpless wife: he informs her that he aims to deploy religion as a tool for making easy money. Mr Sookhoo's plan is simple; knowing that religious people give generously around the festive season especially when presented with a group of innocent carol singers raising money for charity, he decides to fabricate an institute for the blind, deaf and dumb and to use local school children to achieve his selfish money-making aims. Sookhoo shows total disregard to morality putting his personal financial gain at the top of his priorities. Also you can read Analysis July at the Multiplex When Mr Sookhoo's plan starts paying dividends in the form of good takings on the very first day of his carol singing project, he immediately resolves to work his young assistants (who are not, of course, aware of his malicious intentions) longer hours giving them little rest. Moreover, when Mr Archibald, the Headmaster of the local school attended by the carol singers, suggests treating the children to ice-cream, Mr Sookhoo chooses to ignore the suggestion buying the children only a carbonated drink that clearly costs less than the ice-cream. It is clear here that Sookhoo is oblivious to anything but his obsession with making easy money. In Christianity, Sookhoo is guilty of the sin of avarice or greed which is one of the seven deadly sins that signal total loss of faith. In the story, Mr Sookhoo is not a Christian but pretends to be one convincing Mr Archibald that he had â€Å"seen the light† in order to gain his approval for sending children with him on the carol singing mission. Mr Sookhoo's avarice leads to his eventual downfall when he is found out and captured at the end of the story. Sookhoo's avarice leads to a snowballing of unfortunate occurrences that upset the money-making plan that seemed to be going too well. All at once many characters appear in the story pushing, as it were, one more nail into Sookhoo's coffin. First, Mr Ali, who had previously paid Sookhoo to deliver some gravel for him, appears and exposes Sookhoo's failure to keep his end of the bargain. In addition, Mr Archibald, who started harbouring doubts about Mr Sookhoo when the latter's account of the carol singing successes did not correspond to what Mr Archibald was told by a young pupil called Horace, receives a visitor by the name of Mr Harris (who is a real philanthropist working in the charity field) who confirms to him that the deaf, dumb and blind institute does not exist. These revelations and findings raise tension in the story and drive the plotline towards its climax when Mr Sookhoo's love of money brings about his downfall and arrest. Read also Analysis of Characters in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own† At the end of the story, poetic justice is upheld as the aggressor and wrong doer is punished while the good are rewarded. â€Å"Mr Sookhoo† ends on the note that a blind love of money can only lead to negative consequences. The price that Sookhoo pays for being a slave to money and materialistic gain is no less than his freedom. Mr Sookhoo's metaphorical slavery (signaled by his servitude to anything that can lead to making money) at the beginning of the story becomes the cause of his physical incarceration, which is a form a slavery, at the end. Although in the case of Mr Sookhoo, poetic justice is upheld as good is rewarded and evil is punished, the so-called â€Å"cliff-hanger† ending of â€Å"A Cat Within† where the reader is left to decide whether justice will be at all served, contrasts to the message of â€Å"Mr Sookhoo. † In â€Å"A Cat Within,† where the symbol of the cat acts as a reminder of a dark secret that comes back to haunt the un-named â€Å"Shopman† in the story, the love of money seems to have caused a series of crimes much weightier than those committed by Mr Sookhoo, but there is no indication that these crimes will be punished. In fact, one possible interpretation for the blurred ending of the story is that the Exorcist's own love of money will prompt him to eternally blackmail the Shopman in order to keep his crimes safely tucked away and hidden like the cat's head stuck in the metal urn. â€Å"A Cat Within† ends with the Exorcist withdrawing into his room but reminding the Shopman that he will request his pay later. This reminder could be read as a covert threat and a prelude to a life-long blackmail project the Exorcist hopes to embark on. In â€Å"A Cat Within,† both the Shopman and the Exorcist display their extreme attachment to money. On the one hand, the Shopman keeps his tenants in dire living conditions and sacrifices his own comfort by sleeping in the doorway to stop intruders from coming into his house. On the other hand, the Exorcist makes his living by giving the false impression that he is curing people from obsessions by demons and other supernatural evil beings. When the Exorcist is called upon to help with the assumed â€Å"evil spirit† wreaking havoc in the shop store, his world that places money at the top of the consideration list and the world of the Shopman, where money occupies the same place, meet. Read also  Case 302 July in Multiplex The Exorcist being adept at reading people like a book, manages to speculate accurately about the Shopman and the way he came to accumulate his wealth. It transpires that the Shopman killed a man and his widow before taking their land and money. However, unlike Mr Sookhoo, the Shopman remains free at the end with the cat, a symbol of his dark secret, roaming in the streets with a jug on its head. The symbolism of the cat slipping out of the store but with its head still caught inside the jug suggests that the Shopman's secret is only half revealed.

Organisations face a variety of contradictory and competing approaches Essay

Organisations face a variety of contradictory and competing approaches when deciding whether or not to comply with industry norms - Essay Example The Group's mobile subsidiaries operate under the brand name 'Vodafone'. In the United States the Group's associated undertaking operates as Verizon Wireless. During the last two financial years, the Group has also entered into arrangements with network operators in countries where the Group does not hold an equity stake. Under the terms of these Partner Network Agreements, the Group and its partner networks co-operate in the development and marketing of global services under dual brand logos. At 30 September 2007, based on the registered customers of mobile telecommunications ventures in which it had ownership interests at that date, the Group had 241 million customers, excluding paging customers, calculated on a proportionate basis in accordance with the Company's percentage interest in these ventures. Vodafone seeks to be the worldwide communications leader in over the period of the next 2-5 years. In order to accomplish this, they will first and foremost have to deal with telecommunication industry regulations (Damien & Kerf 2003). Vodafone also consistently has to address customer complaints that stem from their competitors. International trends also play a factor, including "the liberalization of the terminal equipment market and the market for value-added services" (Bauer 1994). In order to stay ahead of the g... ing against global sourcing decisions across companie, and provid[ing] compliance measurement reports," as well as perfect the use of cellular phones for "tracking persons through the global positioning system" (Bauer 1994). According to Balsinde et al.: Multiple opportunities are open for Vodafone. One, cheaper UK-US phone calls would divert traffic from Europe to be routed via London to the US, turning Britain into a vital telecommunications hub. Two, There is still a huge market which is still untapped for mobile services. About 78 out of a hundred UK residents still do not have mobile phone services; this is a potential market that Vodafone needs to address. Three, Vodafone can create a strong market niche in the 3G telephone systems set-up since it has the technological advantage, financial expertise and marketing network to compete with other major players. The fourth strength is the full liberalization of the telecommunications market will enable Vodafone to make its presence felt in the new member countries of the European Union (EU). The fifth strength is that once the benefits of EU industry regulation outweigh their potential costs, Vodafone can operate unhampered in the EU. The efficient allocation of regulatory resources will result in consistent regulatory decisions across EU member-states. The sixth strength is that the UK economy offers low business taxes, low real interest rates, robust growth in demand, substantial falls in equipment prices and the effect of a strong stock market in reducing the cost of capital. These positive factors favor business growth in areas which require the installation of substantial new capital such as the mobile phone business. The seventh strength is that the overall picture of telecommunications in the UK is one

Discuss the events of one cardiac cycle (electrical and mechenical Essay

Discuss the events of one cardiac cycle (electrical and mechenical events) - Essay Example Cardiac muscles are myogenic, which means that their contractions are started by the muscle itself, the action beginning from the sino-atriol node. The first stage of the cardiac cycle is known as the ventricular filling, which involves the flow of blood from the atria to the ventricles. The other stages include the movement of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery and the left ventricle through the aorta (Guyton and Hall, 2006). The contraction of the heart muscles on the left and right atria, which contract at the same time, is known as the atria systole (Klabunde, 2012). The events begin with the electrical current, which stimulates the myocardium contracts the heart chambers. This is then followed by the mechanical events. The electrical currents of the heart begin at the Sino atria node where action potential is generated (Williams, 2001). In the Sino-atria node, there is a rich supply of cells, capillaries and nervous supply, and the electrical current travels across the right and left atria. The atria are separated from the ventricles by a non-conducting band of connective tissues. Between the cardiac muscles are disc called gap junctions that provide electrical resistance at a low rate. The stimulation of each muscle fiber causes an electrical current to pass over the whole heart hence no external stimulus is required. The wave reaches the atrio-ventricular nodes in the lower right atrium, where it delays for a short period of time before conduction to the ventricles through the bundles up the purkinje fibers (Klabunde, 2004). Delaying at the atrio-ventricular node allows enough time for blood in the atria to get into the right ventricles. The atrio-ventricular node may act as a pace maker, which makes the action potential slow and unstable, depolarization occurs constantly due to the fall of calcium and potassium ions and this effect on the resting potential affects the heart rate. The mechanical

Argumentative Research Paper - Pet Health Insurance Essay

Argumentative Research Paper - Pet Health Insurance - Essay Example Veterinary costs can add up and create a financial burden. Until a few years ago, the concept of having insurance for pets seemed preposterous. More people are now taking advantage of pet insurance to ensure their pet will receive the best care available should an emergency arise. Some insurance companies wont insure pets over a certain age while others will insure pets as long as the pet is enrolled before it reaches a specified age. Premier Pet Insurance (PPI), for example, will insure older cats, but the cat must be enrolled in the program before reaching age ten. VPI will insure cats at any age but may request medical records for those aged twelve and over. "When a pet grows older that is when pet owners need insurance most," says Stephens. The adoption of health insurance which covers household pets is currently on the rise in contemporary North America. It might be considered a logical and competent assessment to offer that the most significant reasoning behind the incorporation of pet health insurance is due to the culturally-related viewpoint that dogs and cats are more than merely domesticated animals; rather they are considered long-time companions. From a medical standpoint, pet health insurance is supported by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), which likely adds credence to the validity of pet-related insurance policies. From a citizens perspective, such insurance likely offers a sense of security to pet owners in the event that their beloved animals suffer accidental injury or simply require routine veterinary care. To the business owner and investor, pet insurance represents an opportunity to increase profitability and increase marketing potential through various organizational partnerships. According to statistics, the instances of pet health insurance had risen from 195,000 in 2001 to approximately 392,000 policies

Subject Criminal Profiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Subject Criminal Profiling - Essay Example In the space provided, list those factors which substantiate an accidental death and were found at or in: As a peace officer and a person whose career is on human protection and rights, it is common practice for the victim to have the weapons near arms reach so that in cases of turmoil and conflicts, the weapon will be always ready to be used. Also, it has been embedded in the victims' subconscious that the weapons should always be with him attached to his body or near him. In this case, it was near his place of demise. During the time of his deliberation of the act, the victim may not want to see his badge, credentials and uniform around the place of where the act will be done. This is based on the fact that the victim worked very hard to earn those items during a better time in his life. There is an underlying assumption that the victim may not want to see the things he deeply cared for so as not to influence his decision to do what he must. He hid them in a box on the floor below because he did not want them to be in the same room when he killed himself. We have conducted a complete investigation regarding this unattended death and have come to the conclusion that this death was caused by accident attributed to autoerotic asphyxia. ... In this case, it was near his place of demise. B. Why did the victim hide his badge, credentials, and uniform in such a location that they were not discovered until five days later During the time of his deliberation of the act, the victim may not want to see his badge, credentials and uniform around the place of where the act will be done. This is based on the fact that the victim worked very hard to earn those items during a better time in his life. There is an underlying assumption that the victim may not want to see the things he deeply cared for so as not to influence his decision to do what he must. He hid them in a box on the floor below because he did not want them to be in the same room when he killed himself. 4. State your opinion as to the manner of death in this case and give your reasons for that opinion. We have conducted a complete investigation regarding this unattended death and have come to the conclusion that this death was caused by accident attributed to autoerotic asphyxia. The scene was not staged as anything but a place for autoerotic asphyxia practice. The investigators are not here to decide for the outcome of the case but to identify factors that attributed to the origin of the death of the victim. These are our reasons: AEA practitioners use a variety of techniques to produce the hypoxia. Among the more common are self-hanging, strangulation, choking, suffocation and techniques to restrict breathing movements. Self-hanging is the most common method observed among fatal cases. The activity is usually solitary and the individual usually chooses a private or secluded place. When carried out in the home, the activity is usually confined

Named data networking Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Named data networking - Term Paper Example Named data networking is a new architecture that has been developed to revolutionize the current internet architecture. There is no doubt the network engineers have made significant development in the current network design. Indeed, current networks have many innovations that have transformed how data are shared between various computers connected to the internet. Despite these, the same network is characterized by many challenges that have hindered the transfer of data between different endpoints. However, the named data networking is a paradigm that is poised to overcome the many challenges facing current implementation of networks. The introduction of named data networking will give more emphasis on data, liberate content from providers and provide a myriad of benefits to computer users, despite having some limitations. How named data network works The development of the named data networking is based on a number of concepts that work to improve how data is shared across the inter net. These concepts shape the function of any named data network based on the principle of named data networking. In a named data networking, each piece of data has a name, which uniquely identifies the data anywhere in the network configuration. In addition, all pieces of data provide more information on what they contain rather than what they are. The change from who to what is a significant shift that defines how named data networks function (Chen, Goes, & Marsden 154). ... This is a process where data are signed with unique signature name that also secure the metadata. The specific signatures are public keys with binding enforced between names and data. Because of this, a named data network does not need a name lookup process. Named data networks also have encryption mechanism that secures packets during transit from one location to another. Naming principles are a core function that influences the functioning of named data network. In a named data network, variable length identifiers are used to name data thus categorizing them into hierarchies. Content versions and segments are used to characterize information at the lower levels of a named data network (Serpanos and Wolf 23). When in use, the named data network works by specifying how information can traverse the network. The selection process is done when a host sends an interest group. The transport strategy in named data networks entails sending of single data packets in response to each interest packet received. In some instances, network hosts can send many interest packets to ensure that flow of data is controlled in some applications. With the difficulty of flow control, network nodes learn the best strategy to send their packets to support an end-to-end communication. Content segments are also used to replace TCP sequence numbers in use. Named data networks have different routing mechanism. A named data network makes use of a mechanism that provides link advertisement between various nodes. This advertisement provides includes a named prefix. Similarly, OSPF protocols can be used to achieve intra-domain routing that includes type-label values that indicated in the protocol segment. The use of names removes the challenge of using IP architecture for routing

Human Resource Issues - evaluate the scenarios provided Essay

Human Resource Issues - evaluate the scenarios provided - Essay Example Organizations which employ multidisciplinary team approach thrive well in the turbulent business environment because it guarantees quality service delivery. The desire by the firm’s administrator to embrace multidisciplinary team approach is appropriate because it ensures that the organization meet the varied and complex needs of the patients. In order to achieve this, the firm should pursue innovative research, which is relayed to the patient care technicians through in-house training. It is critical for the firm to employ interactive methods of training (Buchbinder & Shanks, 2012). According to Buchbinder and Shanks (2012), accurate and precise job descriptions are paramount for an organization personnel management. In order to realize this, an organization must undertake job analysis. In this scenario, the decision by the administrator to pursue job analysis is crucial. To realize effective results of job analysis, the administrator should undertake research on other job description resources, request existing employees to write their job duties, review the organization’s documents and interview individuals who occupy related positions in the organizations. The firm can attract new clients by offering health care services that are outstanding in the market. Therefore, the plans by the ambulatory care clinic to acquire new diagnostic imaging equipment shows firm’s commitment to quality service delivery. However, the acquisition of this equipment has far-reaching implications on human resource management. As such, it is important for the firm to consider availability of the right expertise to use the technology and the economic effects on the organization. The organization must also factor its business strategy when making the decision to acquire the equipment (Buchbinder & Shanks,

A Breakthrough in DNA Sequencing Essay Example for Free

A Breakthrough in DNA Sequencing Essay The human genome can give a lot of information about a person. The genes can be used to trace a person’s family tree, clone an entire human being, and, more importantly, give information regarding certain diseases he or she may have. In this connection, according to an article published in the Science Daily, researchers from the Human Genome Sequencing Center at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston and NimbleGen Systems, Inc. ave developed a new technique that combines gene chip technology with the latest gene sequencing machines that enables fast and accurate sequencing of selected parts of the genome. The technique uses microarrays to enhance the volume of specific genomic sequences and subsequently, a DNA sequencing machine determines the exact genetic code of the material. Furthermore, based on the article, the breakthrough is faster, more accurate, and more efficient than the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method, which was is the technique usually used in DNA sequencing. In one experiment, the new technique was able to analyze 6,400 exons, which are the parts of the genetic code that contains the instructions in making proteins. In short, researchers or scientists can actually use the new technique to select a portion of the DNA that is suspected to cause a disease, remove the unwanted portions, and increase the selected genome’s volume using microarrays by three hundred times or more, giving results that are more accurate at a faster time. Personally, I think that this is a welcome development especially in hastening and improving the treatment of certain diseases such as cancer. Moreover, being a student taking up microbiology, I believe that the new technique could be highly useful in analyzing the genes of certain bacteria that have antibiotic resistance. This breakthrough could also provide crucial information as to how these genes of certain bacteria could mutate which is essential in finding a treatment for the disease these bacteria could cause.

Synthesis and Characterization of Tetraphenyltin

Synthesis and Characterization of Tetraphenyltin ABSTRACTS Tetraphenyltin in high yield has been prepared by the reaction of chlorobenzene, chlorotin (IV) and sodium metal in dry toluene characterized by Infra-red spectroscopy. Introduction Organic compounds that contains metal-carbon bond are called organometallic compounds. Organometallic compounds have been studied for nearly 200 years. Unique properties of these compounds have been used in many areas of life. The reactivity of organometallic compounds depends on the reduction potential of metal. For preparation and use, it is markedly observed that most reactivity requires low to moderate temperature and inert conditions like atmosphere and solvent. Generally the reactivity of these compounds seems like the ionic character of the carbon-metal bond, which may be estimated from the proton and carbon chemical shifts of methyl derivatives. % Ionic character of H3C–Metal as (CH3)2Hg 3)2Cd 3)2Zn 3)2Mg 3L [1]. The first reported organometallic compounds were prepared by the reductive substitution of alkyl halides. Alkali metals have strong or moderate negative reduction potentials, with lithium and magnesium being the most reactive. Halide reactivity increases in the order: Cl _R) tends to predominate. This can also be a problem when allyl or benzyl halides are converted to Grignard or lithium reagent [2]. Organometallic compounds of group (IV) elements There is an exceedingly extensive chemistry of the group four elements bound to carbon and some of the compounds, notably silicon-oxygen polymers and alkyl tin and lead compounds are of commercial importance. Essentially all the compounds are of the type M(IV) type. In the divalent state the only well established compounds are cyclopentadienyl tin alkyls or aryls of formula R2Sn are either transitory or non-existent, and the stable substances of this stoichiometry are linear or cyclic polymers of tetravalent tin. For all the group four elements the compounds can generally be designated R4-nMXn where R is the alkyl or aryl and X can vary widely being H, Cl, O, COR, OR, NR2SR etc. For a given class of compounds those with C-Si and C-Ge bonds have higher thermal stability and lower reactivity than those with bonds to Sn and Pb [3]. Organometallic compounds of Tin There are four series of organotin compounds depending on the number of carbon-tin bonds. These series are designated as mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraorganotin compounds with the general formula: RnSn X4-n Where R = an alkyl or aryl group Sn = the central tin atom in the oxidation state +4 X = a singly charged anion or an anionic organic group [4]. Complexes of transition metals The ability of transition metals to form organo derivatives only begins to be appreciated properly during the nineteen fifties. Nonetheless, the organometallic compounds of transition metals now constitute an enormous, diversified field of chemistry, which is still expanding rapidly. It begins breadth by merging into the field of metal carbonyls and related compounds. They also differ in structure from that of non-transition organo-metal derivatives. The transition metals form compounds in which there is metal to carbon sigma bond although pi bond in some cases may also be formed. More important, the unique characteristic of d orbital allow certain type of unsaturated hydrocarbons and some of their derivatives to be bound to metals in a non-classical manner to give molecules or ions with structures that have no counterpart elsewhere in chemistry. Not only is a wide range of organo compounds of different types are isolable, but also labile species play an important role in olefins, acetylene and their derivatives catalyzed by metal complexes [5]. Applications of Organotin compounds Depending on the organic groups, they can be powerful bactericides and fungicides [4]. Tributyltins are used as industrial biocides, eg. as antifungal agents in textiles and paper, wood pulp and paper mill systems, breweries, and industrial cooling systems. Tributyltins are also used in marine anti-fouling paint [1]. Triphenyltins are used as active components of anti fungal paints and agricultural fungicides [5]. Organotin compounds are widely studied class of meta-based antitumor drugs [2]. Organotin compounds are used in treatment of hyperbilirubinaemia [2]. Organotin compounds are used in chemicals used for wood preservation [1]. Addition of Organotin compounds to PVC increases its stability [1]. Organo metallic transition complexes also have role in molecular rearrangement processes [2]. Hypercoordinated Stannanes Tin compounds can also be coordinated to five atoms instead of the regular four unlike their carbon analogues. The stability of these hypercoordinated compounds is managed by electronegative substituent. In 2007 a stable organotin (all carbon pentaorganostannane) was reported at room-temperature (in argon) [4] in the form of lithium salt with the following structure. The geometry of the molecule is distorted trigonal bipyramidal. The carbon to tin bond lengths are 2.26Ã… apical, 2.17Ã… equatorial. These are larger than regular C–Sn bonds (2.14Ã…) which shows its hypervalent nature. Biological Aspects The chemistry of the organotin(IV) derivatives is being subject of study with growing interest, not only because of the environmental consequences of the widespread use of these compounds, but also as due to the increasingly importance of their medical assays for bactericide and antitumor purposes. In this respect, various triorganotins have been reported recently to be effective against mosquito larvae and adult mosquitoes responsible for malaria and yellow fever, and also some phenyltin derivatives display cardiovascular activity. In general, the structure-activity relationship in this kind of compounds is still subject of controversy, but it seems been established that, for instance, in the case of triorganotin carboxylates, those containing trans-O2SnC3 moieties exhibit a greater biocidal activity than those containing cis-O2SnC3. Organotin compounds have been implicated as reproductive toxicants and endocrine disruptors primarily through studies in aquatic organisms, with little information available in mammals. Among the organotins, aryltins have been less studied than alkyltins. Extensive data is available on mammalian developmental and reproductive toxicity of one aryltin compound, triphenyltin (TPT), from toxicity studies conducted in connection with the registration of triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH) as a pesticide and supporting publications from the open literature. Indications of adverse functional and morphological effects on the reproductive tract of rats were reported in a dose range of 1.4-20 mg/kg/d. Gonadal histopathology (both ovaries and testes) and infertility were affected at the higher doses, while reproductive-tract cancer, smaller litter sizes, and reproductive organ weights were affected at the lower end of the dose range. In vitro studies indicate the TPT can directly activate androgen re ceptor-mediated transcription and inhibit enzymes that are involved in steroid hormone metabolism. These data suggest that the aryltin TPT can be active as a reproductive toxicant in mammals and may be a human endocrine disruptor. Organotins are one of the classes of compounds implicated as â€Å"endocrine disruptors† (Colborn Clement, 1992) primarily on the basis of the finding of imposex in aquatic gastropods (Smith, 1981; Horiguchi et al., 1994). In these organisms, genetic females and parts of the male reproductive system, including the penis and vas deferens, superimposed on a normal female genital system. Implications for mammalian reproduction are less explored. There are no available epidemiological studies of the reproductive toxicity of organotins in humans or mammalian wildlife populations, so that mammalian reproductive toxicity information is limited to laboratory animals. Among the organotins, a particularly large database on reproductive toxicity in laboratory animals is available through studies conducted for registration of triphenyltin hydroxide as a pesticide. Triphenyltin (TPT) came into use as a fungicide and matricide in the 1950s (HSDB, 1998). Currently, about 10 products containing TPT are registered for use as pesticides by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Registration for TPT hydroxide was cancelled in California in 1983. TPT acetate and hydroxide were banned from use in the European Union (EU) in 2002 (Lo et al., 2003). This review presents and integrates information on reproductive toxicity from the triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH) registration database made available through the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), and includes papers on mammalian reproductive toxicity of other TPT salts. In this review, information from the pesticide registration data is presented in some detail since it is not available. Estimates of exposure for total tin indicate that the main route in the general population is from food, about 4 mg/d. A national survey in the United States in 1982 reported 8.7-15 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­g tin/g in human adipose tissue (ATSDR, 1992). However, these estimates are based on outdated information, and much of the tin came from canned foods (inorganic tin) (ATSDR, 1992). The most recent information for TPT is from Japan (Tsuda et al., 1995). Duplicate portion studies indicated an intake of 0.7 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­g TPT/d in 1991 and 1992, and market basket surveys indicated intakes of 5.4 and 1.3 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­g TPT/d in 1991 and 1992, respectively. Analytical techniques are now becoming available to separate various forms of inorganic and organic tin which promise more accurate human exposure assessment. Chemical equations 2Na + C6H5Cl C6H5Na + NaCl 4 C6H5Na +SnCl4 (C6H5)4Sn + 4NaCl Reagents required: 275 ml of dry toluene (350 ml if wet) 35 ml of chlorobenzene 15 gm of sodium 10 ml of SnCl4 Dry ice Special apparatus required: 500 ml, three neck, round-bottom flask Variac High-speed stirring motor Stirring rod with sharp metal blades Cylinder of argon About 1000 ml of kerosene in pane Extra sintered-glass funnels and filter flask Procedure Fifteen grams of clean sodium chunks and 250 ml of dry toluene are placed in the flask. A thermometer and an argon inlet tube are inserted through one of the side arm of the flask. The other side arm is Stoppard. Insert the stirrer through the main mouth of the flask, taking care of that the stirring blades cannot hit the thermometer and that they are above the chunks of sodium. While stirring gently, and with a slow stream of argon flowing, heat the contents slowly to 105 °. Then lower the stirrer so that the blades are about 1cm from the bottom of the flask and turn the stirrer on full power. It will be found necessary to increase the power input to the heating mental in order to keep the temperature at 105 °. After about 10 min of vigorous stirring at 105 °, remove the heating mantle from the flask. When the temperature has fallen to 99 °, stop the stirrer and allow the flask to cool to room temperature. The sodium should now be in the form of fine sand. Stir the sodium ge ntly to see if any of the particles have agglomerated. If so, the process must be repeated. If the sodium dispersion is not be used immediately, thoroughly flush the flask with the argon and tightly stopper it. Using the heating mantle, heat the dispersion, with moderately vigorous stirring, to 45 °. Attach a dropping funnel containing 35 ml of chlorobenzene to the unused side arm and add 2 to 3 ml of the chlorobenzene to the flask. Notice: The flask should never contain more than 3 ml of un reacted chlorobenzene! If more than this amount is present, an uncontrollably vigorous reaction may take place, resulting in a fire. Remove the heating mantle from the flask. The reaction should start, as evidenced by a rise in the temperature. If the reaction does not start at 45 °, cautiously rise the temperature to 50 ° (no higher!). If the reaction starts at this temperature, the temperature may suddenly rise to as high as 55 °, so be ready to cool the flask quickly with the kerosene bath. (If the reaction does not start at 50 °, cool the flask to room temperature, cautiously hydrolyze the mixture with alcohol, and discard). Temperature in access of 50 ° will not cause great harm at the beginning of the synthesis, but thereafter the temperature must be kept below 45 °; keep the flask partially immersed in the kerosene bath and cool the kerosene bath by occasionally adding pieces of DRY Ice to it. The temperature of the reaction mixture may be held between 40 and 45 ° by adjusting the rate of addition of chlorobenzene. After all the chlorobenzene has been added (about 1 to 2 hours), place a solution of 10ml of stannic chloride in 25ml of toluene in the dropping funnel, and, over a period of 30 min, add this solution to the reaction flask. During this addition, it is necessary to cool the flask so as to keep the temperature below 45 °. The flask now be stored indefinitely (without protection from the air) until the tin tetra phenyl is extracted from the mixture. Wipe the kerosene from the bottom of the flask, and, with moderate stirring, heat the mixture to incipient boiling and quickly filter through a sintered-glass funnel. It is best to keep most of the solid residue in the reaction flask. Cool the filtrate to room temperature and filter off the product on another sintered-glass funnel. Return the filtrate to the original flask and repeat the extraction two or three times until no more product precipitates on cooling the solution to room temperature. It is helpful to add another 100 ml of toluene to the mixture to reduce the necessary number of extractions. The final solution should be cooled in an ice bath before filtering. Suck the crystals of tin tetra phenyl as dry as possible on the filter and then let them air dry for 4 to 20 hours on a watch glass. A yield of about 25 gm of material melting at 266 to 228 ° should be obtained. A pure product (melting at 299 °) may be obtained by re crystallization from benzene or toluene. RESULTS AND DISCUSION Physical data for reported compounds are given in Table 1. Compound # Empirical formula M.P ( °C) Solubility % Yield 1. (C6H5)4Sn 110-112 Toluene, Ethanol, Chloroform 72 IR spectroscopy IR is one of the most important spectroscopic methods used for qualitative and quantitative analysis. It is based on the fact that each compound has its own unique spectra and certain functional groups absorbat about the same wavelength even in different molecules. Its single most important use has been for the identification of organic compounds whose spectra are generally complex and provide numerous maxima and minima that are used for comparison purposes. Indeed in most instances the IR spectrum of the compounds especially of organic compounds provides a unique finger print, which is readily distinguished from the absorption pattern from all other compounds because only optical isomers absorb in the same way. Absorption of IR radiation is confined largely to molecular species for which small energy differences exist between various vibration and rotational states. As for as spectrum is concerned we see a prominent peak at 457cm-1, which indicates the formation of metal to carbon b ond, which shows the formation of our product. For aliphatic CH peak appear at 3057 cm-1 . References P. Powell, Principles of Organometallic Chemistry, (1988), 2nd edition, Chapman and Hall, New York, pp-1-10. T.Mole and E.A Jaffery, Organometallic Compounds, (1972), 3rd edition, Elsvier Publishing Company, London, pp.89-92. F. Albert and Geoffrey Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, (1962), 3rd edition, Interscience Publishers, New York, pp-310-312. J.C Bailar, H.J Emeleus, S.R Nhylom and A.F Trotman, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, (1973), 2nd edition, Prgmon, New York, pp.153-157. J.C Bailar, H.J Emeleus, S.R Nhylom and A.F Trotman, Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, (1973), 4th edition, Prgmon, New York, pp.89-93. J.W Robinson, Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis, 5th Edition,(995), Marcel Dekker, New York,pp.166-168. A.U Rehman, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, 1st edition,(1989),pp.90-93.