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Police Interaction Of The Mentally Ill - 2526 Words

From police interaction of the mentally ill, Crisis Intervention Training has been born with the focus on police officers being able to identify individuals who may be suffering from various type of mental illness. In addition to being able to identify if a person is suffering from a mental disorder, the training also teaches officers the skills to communicate with them in hopes to de-escalate the tense situation peacefully (Russell, 2012). Attitudes toward the mentally ill started to change in the 60’s and 70’s from both the communities and professionals. The two began to recognize that the mentally ill had rights to live an independent life style like that of ordinary citizens. Before this, people with mental illness or developing disabilities had been institutionalized, giving strong medications, sedated and isolated from the rest of society. Living amongst the community, they receive their medication as well as interact with the general public. In addition, they also interact with security personnel and law enforcement officers, and all too frequently with unfortunate consequences. (Russell, 2012). CIT is a specialized training program utilizing mental health and substance abuse experts, legal experts, consumer/family advocates, and experienced CIT officers. They teach law enforcement officers how to de-escalate unpredictable situations involving those with mental health disorders. The training is accomplished through role playing, learning about the likely behavior ofShow MoreRelatedLaw Enforcement Interactions With The Mentally Ill Community1674 Words   |  7 PagesLaw enforcement interactions with the mentally ill community are increasing, due to a number of factors such as cuts on long-term psychiatric beds, improvements in treatments and the philosophy of integration (Adelman, 2003). Which leads to mentally ill people living in the community, which leads to increase crisis and police interaction because of insufficient funding. Existing community-based crisis response services are not well unified and are limited, especially in rural areas. General hospital-basedRead Mor eMental Health Hospitals For The Mentally Ill Essay981 Words   |  4 Pagesof America’s jails mentally ill that are booked for minor offenses. When someone is diagnosed with acute mental illness do not receive the proper care he or she needs, his or her actions automatically become indicative. Symptomatic severely mentally ill individual’s behavior appears criminal (Ford, M. 2015, June 8). Sadly, America has done an excellent job of criminalizing people with mental illness. Prisons have become the surrogate mental health hospitals for the mentally ill instead of psychiatricRead MorePolice Corruption And Criminal Justice914 Words   |  4 PagesAll Police are Corrupt Police corruption today is becoming an issue more and more. Today’s police, especially in densely populated areas, are well known for using excessive force on ethnic minorities, lower classes such as the homeless, and sexually abusing women and children; whether directly or indirectly. Anyone who does not follow the orders of the police, regardless of laws, is subject to police corruption and imprisonment. In cases of anticorruption the officer, judge, or public official isRead MoreMental Disabilities And The Death Penalty1259 Words   |  6 Pagesinnocent of a crime. Since the early 80s, more than sixty mentally ill criminals have been executed the US (Mental Illness on Death Row). This paper will discuss the relationship between the law and the challenges faced by mentally criminals from tries to appeals and execution. It provides examples of some of the more famous cases of the execution of the mentally ill and describes current legislative. But we would try answer the wh ether the mentally disabled criminals should be charged with a death penaltyRead MoreThe Treatment Of Mental Illness1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe shutdown of state mental hospitals and lack of available financial and institutional resources force mentally ill people to the United States Judicial System for mental health. Every year thousands of people are arrested for various crimes and they are sent to jail. Sixteen percent of these people have some type of mental health problem (Public Broadcasting System , 2001). When we consider that the United States has the largest incarcerated population in the world at 2.2 million, this numberRead MoreHow Stigma Interferes with Mental Health Care892 Words   |  4 PagesMental Health Care Patrick Corrigan’s article on stigmas and how they interfere with mental care brings insight into a world that many people face. Although there are conflicting ideas on how exactly stigmas towards mentally ill people are broken down, (people labeled mentally ill are stigmatized more severely than those with other health conditions; people with psychotic disorders are judged more harshly than people with depression or anxiety disorders) there is an ever looming problem with theRead MoreLaw Enforcement And The Mentally Ill1878 Words   |  8 PagesHead: LAW ENFORCEMENT AND THE MENTALLY ILL: TREATMENT NOT Law Enforcement and the Mentally Ill: Treatment Not Jail Jaysen V. Thomas Troy University Seminar in Law Enforcement CJ-6640-XTIA 16/T1 Instructor: Dr. Wigginton September 3, 2016 Abstract The recent increase in emergency 9-1-1 calls involving mentally ill persons has heightened the awareness of the Criminal Justice System. Across the nation, law enforcement encounters with mentally ill persons have become more frequentRead MoreMental Health Incidents Have Effected Policing1439 Words   |  6 Pagesinefficiencies Police have long been the default resource to manage new demands from changes in society, and in regards to mental illness, they have been referred to as the â€Å"informal first responders of mental health† (Council of Canadian 33). This responsibility on police stems from two common law principles: â€Å"power and authority of police to protect the safety of the community, and the parens patriae doctrine which grants state protection for citizens with disabilities such as the acutely mentally ill†Read MoreThe Social Problem Of Police Brutality1458 Words   |  6 Pagessocial problem I would like to conduct sociological research on is the use of excessive force used by members of the police department in recent unconscionable shootings of unarmed civilians. With all the recent attention that the people of Ferguson Missouri and New York City have been able to rise on this issue, making it a media sensation, it seemed like a good topic to discuss. Police brutality is an egregious, ongoing problem in our society that, until just recently, has been accepted as a sad factRead MoreCrisis Intervention Team ( Cit ) Is A Community Initiative And Training Program3871 Words   |  16 PagesCrisis Intervention Team (CIT) is a community initiative and training program that has been developed in many U.S. states to help law enforcement officers react appropriately and improve the outcome of law enforcement interactions in situations involving mentally ill or developmentally disabled individuals (CIT Overview). CIT training has many key components such as community collaborations, a 40 hour training program that includes basic information about mental illness and how to recognize the signs

The Negative Effects of Hubris in The Odyssey by Homer

As Thomas Jefferson once said, â€Å"Pride costs us more than hunger, thirst, and cold†. Hubris causes excessive arrogance in people, and can lead to their downfall. In The Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus, a prideful warrior, tries to get back home to the island of Ithaca. Odysseus’ hubris ends up leading to many problems for himself and his crew. Hubris played a negative role in The Odyssey due to Odysseus revealing his identity to Polyphemus, not telling his crew about Aeolus’ bag of winds, and staying with Circe for a year. Odysseus’ hubris played a negative role when Odysseus revealed his identity to Polyphemus. Odysseus and his crew had just managed to escape from the Cyclops, Polyphemus, after driving a stake into his eye. But then, Odysseus told the blinded Cyclops his identity by shouting, â€Å"Cyclops – if any man on the face of the earth should ask you who blinded you, shamed you so- say Odysseus, raider of cities, he gouged out you eye, La ertes’ son who makes his home in Ithaca† (9, 558-562). Odysseus managed to tell Polyphemus his name, father, and home. Polyphemus then prayed to Poseidon, his father, to get revenge on Odysseus. Poseidon ended up killing Odysseus’ entire crew and delaying Odysseus for 10 years. None of those terrible consequences would have happened if Odysseus had suppressed his enormous pride. Odysseus’ hubris resulted in a lot of suffering for many people. Odysseus’ hubris prevents Odysseus and his crew from getting back to Ithaca again when Odysseus didShow MoreRelatedCompare Odysseus and Oedipus Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pagesrelentless tenacity. On the other hand, Odysseus and Oedipus also demonstrate their crude habits with their hubris behavior throughout their own prophecy. In addition to the similarities, the powerful gods play a significant role which drastically affects Odysseus and Oedipus’s fate. The gods play a significant role in the outcome of Odysseus and Oedipus’ destiny. In the poem The Odyssey, Odysseus is an epic king who is trying to return to Ithaca from the Trojan War. Throughout Odysseus’ journeyRead More A Comparison of Oedipus and Odysseus Essay1901 Words   |  8 Pagesusually demonstrates examples of hubris throughout the tale, which ultimately makes his journey more difficult.   The epic heroes differences vary but in the epic tale, The Odyssey written by Homer, and the Greek drama, Oedipus The King written by Sophocles, the differences is what makes Oedipus fail and Odysseus succeed.   In both these tales, the powerful gods enormously affect their decisions and the consequences they eventually have to face.    In the tale The Odyssey, Odysseus, the epic hero,Read MoreHeoes of the Iliad and the Odyssey1610 Words   |  7 Pagesway through out the great epics of the time. It is perhaps the single most important entity to some of the most renowned heroes. However, the desire for honor seems to have the power to lead such famous men into the clutches of â€Å"excessive pride†, or hubris (Oxford Dictionaries.com). As a result, choices tend motivated by the idea of increasing not only their honor, but soothing their insulted pride. Their actions tend to be chosen because of their honor was insulted, which as a result has wounded theirRead MoreNumerology in The Odyssey How numbers are used throughout The Odyssey by Homer and how they all symbolize different events or characters in the book2372 Words   |  10 PagesNumerology in The Odyssey Everything is named or numbered, but few people are conscious of the degree to which names and numbers influence their experience, progress, and communication, declared Juno Jordan, the grandmother of numerology (qtd. in Lagerquist and Lenard 4). Numerology, the language of numbers and moreover the study of how they relate to our lives, speaks about the hidden worlds contained within the simplest numbers. Numerology attempts to analyze numerical information, and makesRead MoreOdysseus as a Tragic Hero2449 Words   |  10 Pagesevery case, these heroic tales would always end with tragedy; the hero would be killed by a jealous lover, go mad, or have a loved one taken away from him. However, one Greek hero existed whose story did not end with tragedy: Odysseus. Homers The Odyssey is unique among all other Greek myths in that it is the only story in which the hero does not meet a tragic end; why is this so? From his words to his actions and from his companions to the way he handles c ertain situations, Odysseus is vastly differentRead MoreHuman Identity Of Identity1170 Words   |  5 Pages† - Erik Erikson. This year in class we have read Night by Elie Wiesel, The Chocolate War by Robert Cormier, The Odyssey by Homer, Beowulf, Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, and Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. All of these stories show how mankind’s identity has been shaped by family, power, and fear. Mankind’s identity has been shaped by family. This is evident in Night, The Odyssey, and Oedipus Rex. In Night, Elie Wiesel and his father are separated from his mother and his sisters. So they stayRead MoreShakespeare s Hamlet : A Critical Thinker908 Words   |  4 Pagesstrike. A prominent component of this play is the act of revenge. â€Å"...In the complex web of human destinies, where so many lives are meshed intricately together, the freely chosen actions of one individual may breed damaging, entirely unforeseeable effects in the lives of others†¦Ã¢â‚¬  King Claudius uses revenge to get back at Hamlet for putting his reign of power on the line. Unfortunately, his plan leads to unintended consequences, leading to the death of nine main characters in the end. The mother ofRead Moretheme of alienation n no where man by kamala markandeya23279 Words   |  94 PagesAthens. Sophocles married twice (first to Nicostrate, and then to Theoris of Sccyon) and had two sons: Iophon, the tragedian, and Agathon, father of the younger Sophocles, also a writer of tragedies. The Greeks regarded Sophocles as a kind of tragic Homer, hailed him as the favorite of the gods and honored him with state sacrifices long after his death. The last part of his life coincided with the glorious age of Cimon and Pericles, the period of Athens’ greatest prosperity. Although he showed little

Life Lessons (Book Review) Essay - 672 Words

Annie Thermidor Life Lessons from Elizabeth Kubler-Ross and David Kessler. Main theme: In this book, Dr. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross teamed up with end-of-life specialist David Kessler to write for the first time about life and living. The authors present fourteen lessons passed on to us from the dying to help us deal better with the issues we face in life. Both authors consider the dying as great teachers because, its when we are pushed to the edge of life that we see life more clearly (Kessler Kubler-Ross, 2000, p15). Rather than writing in one unitary voice, the two authors speak separately on personal experiences and case histories, with each writers portion of text starting with their initials. Each lesson is†¦show more content†¦It should be a priority for us to refocus our lives daily, so that when the time comes there is no regret but only peace of mind. The two authors present us with the idea of authentic self, one that is not defined by our health, accomplishments, status or possessions. We can channel it by removing all of the excess and learning the truth about ourselves. There is a part of you that is indefinable and changeless, that does not get lost or change with age, disease, or circumstances. There is an authenticity you were born with, have lived with, and will die with. (p25). How it relates to individual cultural beliefs and practices: The authors do not delve as much on each patients culture but they speak overall about the type of culture we live in. They more address our American culture and its view of death. We have all been thought unconditional love well Recommendation: Being a self-help book junkie, I really anticipated reading this book. Its a very thought-provoking book. It helps you take a step back and reexamine issues in your life. Overall, it was a great and quick read. Some of the lessons I was not able to grasp while some I had already gain awareness of from my own experiences and readings. Some of the stories left me indifferent whereas others were very poignant and hit close to home. I would recommend it to any student to read as a closure to our class.Show MoreRelatedLife Cycle Of Pumpkins : Goals And Objectives Essay1004 Words   |  5 Pages I Lesson/Unit Title Life Cycle of Pumpkins I. Goals and Objectives A. Lesson Goals 1(a), 1SEI(a) What are the goals for this lesson? †¢ Students will be able to recount the cycle of a pumpkin. †¢ Students will organize cycle stages in a group. How do the lesson goals integrate with unit goals? †¢ The goals focus on how pumpkins grow Why are the lesson goals suitable for this group of students? †¢ Students are learning about pumpkins and they’ll learn how the growsRead MoreTuesdays with Morrie Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesCassandra Stephens December 3, 2012 Psy. 120- Book Review Professor Dr. Priebe Summary: Tuesdays with Morrie, was based on a true story about friendship and lessons learned. It’s about a sports writer, Mitch and former sociology professor, Morrie, who is in his last days of life after being diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and their rekindled relationship after many years. They first met on the campus grounds at Brandeis University. This never forgotten relationship wasRead MoreTeaching Students to Understand Reading 741 Words   |  3 Pageshistorical contexts for cause and effect and sequencing, the third day will use science to explain why sequencing is important, and the final day will focus on how personal behaviors can have different effects on the classroom and school. Each day my lessons will delve deeper into the meaning of cause and effect. By the end of the week, my students should be able to explain how their own behaviors affect the classroom and school. The students will work on building their own stories using different causeRea d More5-Day Lesson Plan1065 Words   |  5 PagesGrade 7 Room 5 Oceans What is the origin of the ocean? What is an ocean/sea? What are the characteristics of the ocean? MEAP BENCHMARKS: I.1.MS.5, II.1MS.1, II.1.MS.2, V.1.MS.1 DISTRICT OUTCOMES: DPS Pacing Chart LESSON OBJECTIVE: SWBAT – 1. Understand and critique the theories on the origin of the ocean. 2. Utilize world map to identify the seven continents and five oceans. 3. Label and match oceans to the connecting/corresponding continent. 4. Compile a topographicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Sherman Alexie s Lone Ranger And Tonto Fistfight Heaven 1598 Words   |  7 PagesIn all mediums of storytelling alike, there is always the question of if the author is being truthful about the information they are giving. This includes the lessons told through the story of morality in fiction, historical fiction, or anything related to such topics. Consequently, most books read in popular culture have a lesson; novels are a form of education. An example of this has been shown through Sherman Alexie’s Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven. In this novel, he attempts to shedRead MorePerformance Indicators Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance indicators After this lesson plan is successfully completed, students will be able to recognize that health behaviors impact their personal health and well-being. Students will also be able to describe simple ways to prevent communicable diseases, like properly washing hands, or covering one’s sneeze or cough. Learning these simple personal care routines should allow students to live a sustainable livelihood and enhance their individual well-beings. Life skills Keeping hands clean is oneRead MoreSeason Your Data with Theory and Common Sense in Nate Silvers Book, Signal and The Noise1343 Words   |  6 Pagesforecasting lesson from â€Å"The Signal and The Noise.† The Signal and The Noise book is about the overwhelming proliferation of data and how so much of that data can produce more noise (garbage) than the signal (truth). The book told us how to find the truth amidst all the noise and the value of seasoning your data with theory and common sense. The author of the book, Nate Silver, provides a number of practical lessons that are extendable and very applicable to supply chain forecasting. Lesson number oneRead MoreHistorical Thinking And Other Unnatural Acts1047 Words   |  5 PagesKent Robertson HIS 6632 – Ritter Wineburg Book Review March 17, 2017 Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts This week’s topic was the book Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts by Sam Wineburg. There is an old quote that states â€Å"Those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it† (Santanya, 2006). This has long been the worry of educators and policy makers in the United States, how should history be taught and what parts of history are the best to teach? The focus ofRead MoreAesops Fables as Childrens Literature1686 Words   |  7 Pageshave selected for my research paper is Aesops Fables and the reason for selecting this topic is my interest in the field of literature and importance of storytelling in the life of young school going children in order to develop their intellectual and emotional power. In this paper, I will explore many facts about the lessons any story has in it. Problem statement: This research mainly focuses on answering the question that either Aesops fables are only for children or not? Is it only for youngRead MoreThomas Research Outline Paper NBST 5151062 Words   |  5 PagesBible Study Lesson Outlines Length of the study: 40 minutes per lesson NBST 515 Dr. David Mappes Objective Overview: This series lessons looks at the life of one of the disciples of Jesus, Thomas. He is best known to us today as â€Å"Doubting Thomas.† In this study we will examine not only the character of Thomas but also the subjects of doubt and faith. Lesson I - Thomas: An Introduction Opening Illustration: This lesson looks at the life of Thomas. The

Recruitment Of Well Qualified, Goal Driven And...

The recruitment of well-qualified, goal-driven and professional employees is essential when staffing any company. Throughout the hiring process, the human resource manager may encounter a few obstacles when attempting to efficiently fill positions. Each position in a company is crucial to the company’s success and filling them should be taken very seriously. Some positions such as customer service representative can become difficult to fill especially when happy customers are the key to success. When the recruitment process becomes difficult, a job analysis can get to the root of the problem. A job analysis is a process to identify and determine in detail the particular job duties and requirements and the relative importance of these duties for a given job. There are different approaches that may be taken when completing a job analysis, it is up to the human resource manager to determine which approaches are the most effective. For example, job analysis may be completed by interviewing job holders and supervisors, using questionnaires, and also using observation to gather background information. When using the interviewing process to complete a job analysis the main goal is to collect information from current position holders, by asking them to describe the many tasks and duties that are performed. These interviews may be either structured or unstructured. Throughout the unstructured interview there is no set of prepared questions, however the goal should be to explain theShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management : Hrm1623 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is human resources management? HRM is defined by Susan M. Heathfield as the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in the organization. HRM can also be performed by line managers. HRM is the organizational function that deals with issues related to people such as compensation, hiring, performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administrationRead MoreA Strategic Human Resou rce Management Perspective1499 Words   |  6 Pagesgroups who depend on the organisation to fulfil their own goals and on whom, in turn, the organisation depends on†. Stakeholders are all individuals who want to be considered in attaining project goals and whose contribution and provision are vital to its accomplishment. Stakeholder analysis recognises all primary and secondary stakeholders who have a conferred awareness in the issues with which the scheme or strategy is concerned. The goal of stakeholder analysis is to grow a strategic view of theRead MoreHome Depot- They Can Build It, and You Can Help1667 Words   |  7 PagesThese first two legs are substantial components of their competitive strategy and have helped them edge out most of the competition. From the start, however, the organization’s founders knew that that having quality, knowledgeable employees interfacing with their customers was one of the most crucial investments in which they should invest. The third leg, therefore, is to provide the best service in the industry (Darrow, 1994, para. 12). All of the legs of Home Depot’s strategicRead MoreCase Study : Google s Hr Strategies1836 Words   |  8 PagesPeople who want to work for less money but don’t want to deals with stress related work or much pressure given at workplace. Google is planning to double its workforce. Google hire its employees in various ways. Employees working at google refer some good and intellectual people. Google hire large number of employees from college campuses that’s why google has developed direct relations with professors at major universities. Those professors refer their brilliant PHD students. Google organise aRead MoreProject on Recruitm ent Process at Consultancy Firm6298 Words   |  26 PagesA Project On â€Å"Study on Recruitment Process† Human Resource Management Human Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in the organization. HRM can also be performed by line managers. HRM is the organizational function that deals with issues related to people such as compensation, hiring, performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employeeRead MoreHuman Resources Management Proposal1437 Words   |  6 Pagesaddressed * Organizational chart and succession planning haven’t been considered * Shortage of employees trained in the administrative and price estimation software * Future technical skills, analytical skills, computer training and additional staff are needed with implementation of â€Å"direct-to-film†, â€Å"job-tracking† and mailing services systems. OUR QUALIFICATIONS Our professionals are exceptionally equipped with Bachelor Degrees in Human Resource Management, CHRP designation and aRead MoreInternal Environment1051 Words   |  5 Pagesfunctions developing service manuals, product testing, enhance the safety of products, conduct trend analysis on parts replaced under warranty. The next one is the Human Resources, it’s primary aim to find, recruit and retain diverse and highly qualified workforce. IT department organizes and maintains the internal network infrastructure to support the collaborative processes, which are quick, efficient, and secure in the Mercedes-Benz. The legal one department is the General Counsel, which dealsRead MoreHuman Resource Management Project3711 Words   |  15 Pages14 About Cultural differences and Implications to Professional Practice†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 Other relevant important issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.20 Conclusion Introduction Human Resource Management is defined as the policies, practices and systems that influence an employee’s behaviour, attitude, and performance in the attainment of organizational goals, and it is also a way of management that links people-relatedRead MoreEssay on Recruitment and Selection Strategy4954 Words   |  20 PagesRecruitment and Selection Strategy â€Å"Harrison Corporation, a U.S.-based corporation with business units in Europe and South America, has recently decided to create a business unit focusing on expansion into Central America. As a low-cost producer of discount office supply products, the company will continue producing products at the existing facilities, or purchased from existing suppliers. This unit primarily focuses on marketing and delivery of products to two groups of customers: corporate customersRead MoreAnalysis Of Existing Sherwin-Williams Performance Program.1624 Words   |  7 Pagesperformance management process, it forces deeper analysis of the process, as well as its intended and unintended influences towards employees and the organization. Program Advantages This process is designed with the intent to identify, encourage, measure, evaluate, improve, and reward employee performance. Improved Performance. By having an identified process in place, the organization is attempting to create alignment of individual goals with that of the department and ultimately, improve the company. Better

Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Infection †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Infection. Answer: Introduction: Jim was last one day ago and on admission, an initial assessment is done. Preliminary diagnosis prior to admission indicates Influenza. On a problem-based focus, the key assessments to be undertaken are on the unproductive airway clearance, an ineffective breathing pattern and hyperthermia. The airway clearance is ineffective, on inspection it is evident that there is copious nasal discharge and inflammation of the tonsils. Assessment of rhinorrhoea and tonsillar inflammation serves to ensure a proper respiratory mechanism. The patency of the airway in the case is important. A backflow of the nasal discharge could cause fluid aspiration into the lungs causing aspiration pneumonia. The unchecked tonsillar inflammation can result in asphyxia. Assessment of the pattern of breathing is crucial on admission. His airways should be inspected, the chest palpated, inspected then auscultation done to rule on the previous indication of bilateral wheezing. Adequate objective data to this account provide the on the necessities admission especially on the oxygen administration. In spite having good air entry, there is a possibility of pulmonary oedema and reduced oxygen perfusion. The initial oxygen saturation is at 94% of recommended (90-100%). Ineffective scrutiny of this vital could end up in shortness of breath and eventually culminate in respiratory distress and eventually an airway shutdown. Temperature is a crucial assessment focus. It is previously shown that the patient had hyperthermia with a body temperature of 38.3C .This is an evidence of fever and validated by the pulse rate of 105 bpm. There is also increased sweating. Assessment of temperature is necessary to ensure that appropriate measures are taken on admission including fluid and electrolyte replacement and ensure there is adequate hydration. Unmonitored hypothermia can cause accelerated reduction in the metabolism and reduction in the level of consciousness (Yagil, R., Etzion, Z., Oren, A. (1983)). There is also a possibility of an increased cardiac output, heart rate and eventually risk of a myocardial infarction. Note: Dot points recommended in care plan. Click and type in each cell, click enter in a cell to make it longer. Do not remove text from the template. A reminder that all rationales must be referenced Nursing problem: Risk of spread of infection Underlying cause or reason: Influenza is a highly contagious virus spread via airborne droplets and direct contact. Immunocompromised patients in the hospital setting are at higher risk of contracting disease resulting in adverse events. Goal of care Nursing interventions/actions Rationale Indicators your plan is working To prevent and control the spread of influenza within the healthcare facility and the community. Isolate the client in a room with monitored negative air pressure, with the room door closed, and the client remaining in the room. Always wear appropriate respiratory protection when you enter the client room. Limit the movement and transport of the client from the room to essential purposes only. If need be the patient to be on mask during transport. Limit the number of relatives and visitors coming to see Jim and also protect those allowed from getting the infection by giving them protective masks and gowns before entering Jims room. Practice proper hand washing before and after giving care to the client, also after being in contact with the patient environment. I will also educate Jim and his visitors on the importance of hand washing in disease prevention and when appropriate to wash hands to ensure the patient hygienic care. Observe and report signs of infection such as redness, warmth, discharge, and increased body temperature Such set of precautions are meant to prevents airborne transmission and contact transmission of the disease. (La Rosa, G., Fratini, M., Libera, S. D., Iaconelli, M., Muscillo, M. (2013). Hygienic care is important to prevent infection in at-risk clients (Gould, D. J., Moralejo, D., Drey, N., Chudleigh, J. H., Taljaard, M. (2010) The onset of infection activates the immune system and the signs of infections appear. (Iwasaki, A., Medzhitov, R. (2010).) There are no signs of infection noticed The hospital staff, patient and his visitors practice proper hand washing The patient remains isolated in a room with monitored negative air pressure. Nursing problem: Self-care deficit Underlying cause or reason: muscle pain, fatigue and general weakness of the patient limits performance of self-care activities independently. Goal of care Nursing interventions/actions Rationale Indicators your plan is working To ensure patient executes self-care activities to utmost capability. Guide the patient in accepting the need of assistance Boost maximum dependence Enhance positive reinforcements of all activities attempted and note any partial achievements Develop and apply a regular routines and ensure that the patient gets adequate time to complete task. Patient may require help in determining the safe limits of trying to be independent versus asking for assistance when necessary (Tamura-Lis, W. (2013). The goal of rehabilitation is one of achieving the highest level of independence possible The goal of rehabilitation is one of achieving the highest level of independence possible (leach, 2010) An established routine will help the client organize and carry out self-care tasks with less effort (SPENCE LASCHINGER, H. K., Gilbert, S., Smith, L. M., Leslie, K. (2010). The patent response positively and can effectively attempt to perform tasks to his capability Nursing problem: Risk of imbalanced fluid volume Underlying cause or reason: There is excessive fluid loss due to fever Goal of care Nursing interventions/actions Rationale Indicators your plan is working To demonstrate appropriate fluid balance with appropriate parameters such as moist mucous membranes, good skin turgor, stable vital signs. Assess and monitor vital signs to note for any changes; increasing temperature Assess the skin turgor, moisture of mucous membranes. Monitor fluid intake and output and chart appropriately. Administer medication as prescribed: antipyretics i.e Paracetamol 4/24 orally prn Elevated temperature and prolongedfever increases metabolic rate and fluid loss through evaporation. (Stolwijk, J. A., Hardy, J. D. (2011).) Monitoring provide information about fluid adequacy and replacement needs (lobo, 2013) To reduce fluid loss.( Thompson, H. J., Kagan, S. H. (2011) Fever reduce and the parameters of adequate body fluids is seen, that is, good skin turgor, moist mucous membranes, rapid capillary refill. Nursing problem: Ineffective airway clearance Underlying cause or reason: Tracheobronchial and nasal secretions Goal of care Nursing interventions/actions Rationale Indicators your plan is working Patient will achieve and maintain a patent airway. Assess respiratory status for rate, depth, ease, use of accessory muscles, and work of breathing Assess patient for pallor or cyanosis Changes may vary from minimal to extremes caused by bronchial swellings and other disease states that complicate the current illness (Ackley, B. J., Ladwig, G. B. (2010).) Indicators of loss of airway patency may indicate hypoxemia(Hemmelgarn, C., Gannon, K. (2013).) The patient should achieve a patient airway and maintain it Nursing problem: Ineffective breathing pattern Underlying cause or reason: inflammation from the viral infection Goal of care Nursing interventions/actions Rationale Indicators your plan is working Patient will achieve and maintain normal respiratory pattern and rate, with no adventitious breath sounds on auscultation. Carefully Monitor the respiratory rate, rhythm and character. Notify the physician any abnormal findings or changes Monitor pulse oximetry readings and notify physician if 90% Advise and encourage the patient to stay in a semi fowlers position as tolerated. Auscultate breathe sounds after every 2-4 hours and notify the physician of any changes. Changes may show early signs of respiratory compromise and insufficiency (Chien, Y. S., Su, C. P., Tsai, H. T., Huang, A. S., Lien, C. E., Hung, M. N., ... Chang, S. C. (2010).) Oximetry approximates arterialblood gas oxygen saturation, and hence helping in identifying oxygenation dysfunction and respiratory status changes. (Holley, A. D. (2014).) Semi fowlers position promote chest expansion and enhances respiratory effort. (Frownfelter, D. (2014).) Auscultation assists with identification of changes in respiratory status and presence of adventitious breath sounds or decreased breath sounds (Meredith, T., Massey, D. (2011).) The client achieves and maintain a normal breathing range (12-20 breaths per min) No adventitious breath sounds on auscultation. Medication management Jim is given a preliminary diagnosis of Influenza. The viral replication does peak before the manifestation of clinical symptoms and the efficacy of medication depends on the initiation of the medication. In this case, Jim is given oseltamivir, a neuraminidase inhibitor. It is an analogue of sialic acid and acts by interfering with the budding of the influenza virus and curbing the spread in the respiratory tract. The 75mg Bd dose is favourable due to the half-life of 6-10 hours. The dose administered should be as prescribed, given at the right intervals and dosage. The patient response well documented and assessed frequently. Oseltamivir is associated with nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. The side effects should be clearly dissociated from the presenting complaints. Paracetamol is a central acting antipyretic and analgesic that acts by weakly inhibiting COX enzymes thus eliciting anti-inflammatory actions (Sin, B; Wai, M; Tatunchak, T; Motov, 2016). The paracetamol dose is administered 6 hourly to maintain the concentration of the acetaminophen. The administration of paracetamol should be at the regular intervals and at the right dosage to minimise the lethargy caused the fever and alleviate the pain secondary to the muscular pain. Paracetamol also requires monitoring of the fever and avoid any propensity of an overdose. It is indicated in Sin et al (2016) that acetaminophen causes depletion of glutathione and hepatic damage. Dose adjustments should be made after consultion. Fluvax IM is administered in a trivalent dosage to adults. This is to avoid the risk of the complications of the flu. Inoculation of the antigen in the attenuated influenza virus stimulates the production of antibodies. The immunity to antigens expressed on the surface especially haemagluttin reduces the possibility of infection and severity of recurrent infection. The subsequent vaccinations should then be scheduled and documentation made. The vaccination may be associated with hyperthermia, malaise, and headache and may increase the sweating. In this case all the temperature has to be recorded frequently. Patient teaching Jim is a known smoker with an average smoking standard rate of 5-10 cigarettes per day. He has to understand how smoking causes hypertension and the health implications of the smoking lifestyle. The possible courses of rehabilitation and a behavioural change model made clear and he is left to make a decision. The effect of the hypertension on his response to infection should also made lucid. Smoking doubles the risk to hypertension and vascular malfunction. The vascular endothelium becomes fibrous and the arterial pressure is increased. This increased pressure results is a cumulative increase in the blood pressure and the manifestation of hypertension. Cigarette smoke has toxic compounds that increase cardiovascular inflammation, cause oxidation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Ambrose, J. A., Barua, R. S. (2010). Furthermore it should be clear to Jim that smoking causes the loss of life expectancy of the patient. The toxins in cigarette smoking accelerate the aging process. The effect of the toxins on the lungs should also be explained. Exposure of the lungs to the toxins increase the risk of developing throat and lung cancer respectively. The tar also causes toot discolouration and occurrences of bad breath. Moreover, smoking is a possible cause of blunted weight gain and this has to be made clear to Jim. More to this, the overall decrease in libido and increase in the predisposition to erectile dysfunction should be elaborate to depth. The benefits of living free of smoking should also be set viz-a-viz the effects of the smoking routine Initiatives towards cessation of the code should be initiated with cigarette reduction therapy. Jim has to live a healthy lifestyle. He has to stick on a good diet, with all the necessary nutrients. Undergo psychological therapy and health education. On his lifestyle he has to embrace physical exercise and change attitudes towards smoking as a recreational activity. He also has to be referred to social welfare agencies to provide care and food since he is homeless. Clinical judgement and handover The possible cause of the fever is occurrence of a bacterial infection after completion of the antiviral therapy. In many occasions, the influenza virus is transmitted together with bacteria. The initial line of treatment was focused on the virus alone but no prophylaxis was given for a bacterial infection. Multiplication of bacterial colonies result in the activation of the immune system. The adaptive and the innate immune systems are both activated. Inflammatory cytokines are released into circulation and initiate the attack to the bacteria. This immune system reaction result in the elevation of the body temperature hence the resurgence of the fever. The multiplier effect of the fever culminated in hyperventilation and increased heart rate. Jim should be given sponge baths and antipyretics as ordered. The physician should be notified of the change. Jim is a 58-year-old homeless Indigenous male of no fixed address. He presented to the Emergency Department with dyspnea, myalgia, fatigue, malaise, rhinorrhea and headache. His symptoms began approximately 3 day ago and he has tested positive for Influenza A and his influenza symptoms have decreased over the past 24 - 48 hours with continued medications. He has a past medical History of asymptomatic hypertension though he is not currently on any antihypertensive because he did not take his previous medication when prescribed. On assessment he was found to be febrile and has shortness of breath. He is allergic to chickens but has no known drug allergies. He states he used to smoke but not so much anymore as he cannot afford them however he does smoke up to 5 10 per day if he can get them. Vital signs Temperature 39.6oC Heart rate 125 beats per min Respiratory rate 24 resps per min Blood pressure 124/79 mmHg O2 saturations 86% on room air References Ackley, B. J., Ladwig, G. B. (2010).Nursing Diagnosis Handbook-E-Book: An Evidence-Based Guide to Planning Care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Ambrose, J. A., Barua, R. S. (2010). The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update.Journal of the American college of cardiology,43(10), 1731-1737. Brown, D., Edwards, H., Seaton, L., Buckley, T. (2017).Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier Health Sciences Chien, Y. S., Su, C. P., Tsai, H. T., Huang, A. S., Lien, C. E., Hung, M. N., ... Chang, S. C. (2010). Predictors and outcomes of respiratory failure among hospitalized pneumonia patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in Taiwan.Journal of infection,60(2), 168-174. Frownfelter, D. (2014). Facilitating ventilation patterns and breathing strategies.Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy-E-Book: Evidence to Practice, 352. Gould, D. J., Moralejo, D., Drey, N., Chudleigh, J. H., Taljaard, M. (2010). Interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care.The Cochrane Library. Hemmelgarn, C., Gannon, K. (2013). Heatstroke: clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.Compendium: Continuing Education for Veterinarians. Howatson-Jones, L., Standing, M., Roberts, S. (2015).Patient Assessment and Care Planning in Nursing. Learning Matters. Iwasaki, A., Medzhitov, R. (2010). Regulation of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system.science,327(5963), 291-295. Kreijtz, J. H. C. M., Fouchier, R. A. M., Rimmelzwaan, G. F. (2011). Immune responses to influenza virus infection. Virus research, 162(1-2), 19-30. Kuiken, T., Riteau, B., Fouchier, R. A. M., Rimmelzwaan, G. F. (2012). Pathogenesis of influenza virus infections: the good, the bad and the ugly.Current opinion in virology,2(3), 276-286. La Rosa, G., Fratini, M., Libera, S. D., Iaconelli, M., Muscillo, M. (2013). Viral infections acquired indoors through airborne, droplet or contact transmission.Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita,49(2), 124-132. Leach, E., Cornwell, P., Fleming, J., Haines, T. (2010). Patient centered goal-setting in a subacute rehabilitation setting.Disability and rehabilitation,32(2), 159-172. Ling, L. M., Chow, A. L., Lye, D. C., Tan, A. S., Krishnan, P., Cui, L., ... Leo, Y. S. (2010). Effects of early oseltamivir therapy on viral shedding in 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 50(7), 963-969 Lobo, D. N., Lewington, A. J., Allison, S. P. (2013). Basic concepts of fluid and electrolyte therapy.Bibliomed, Melsungen. Meredith, T., Massey, D. (2011). Respiratory assessment 2: More key skills to improve care.British Journal of Cardiac Nursing,6(2), 63-68. SPENCE LASCHINGER, H. K., Gilbert, S., Smith, L. M., Leslie, K. (2010). Towards a comprehensive theory of nurse/patient empowerment: applying Kanters empowerment theory to patient care.Journal of Nursing Management,18(1), 4-13.

Relevance Of National Male Health Policy †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Relevance Of National Male Health Policy? Answer: Introduction National Male Health Policy was developed in 2010 following election commitment that the Australian government made in 2007. The foundation of the policy was the stories Australian male right to access to health care resources and information throughout Australia. In addition, the policy laid the ground for improving male health through creation of health awareness and prevention of health problem affecting Australian male such as poor health outcomes, health access barrier and poor use of health resources. The projected result from implementation of this Policy is good health that is coupled with enjoyment of family life and increase life expectancy among Australian male. The main focus of this policy analysis and critique is to analyze the relevance of National Male Health Policy in the current health care system in Australia. Relevance of National Male Health Policy The National Male Health Policy is relevant in the current health care system since the government has come up with the strategy to address health challenges Australian male face. In order to solve male challenges the Policy focus on focuses on three key issues that remain relevant to health care system in Australia. The relevance of The National Male Health Policy can be viewed from difference perspective. These include social, economic, political and legal relevance (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2010). Social relevance of policy The policy seeks to provide optimal health outcomes for males. The National Male Health Policy seeks to the policy ensures optimum outcome of health care among the male with health problems. In addition, the strategy assists the government to provide quality health to all gender as oppose to previous female priorities. The policy restores the value of male in the family and community. Secondly, health equity between populations groups of males. The Policy creates equity in health care through promoting good health services to disadvantaged males among indigenous communities such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males. The main approach in this priority is social approach to promoting equity health care services (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2005). Economic relevance The Policy provides framework for preventive health among Australian male and this reduce the economic challenges associated with poor health care (Applied Economics, 2003). The policy also incorporates employers to contribute toward health care services to lift the poor health outcomes of Australian male employee. Moreover, the policy reduces the workplace hazards that male employee faces throughout Australia. Solving key issues that affect Australian male require reducing economic strains caused be treatment of stress related problems and subsequently making male reproductive at workplace (Deeks, Lombard, Michelmore Teede, 2009). Political relevance As the mandate of Australian government the policy fulfill the government election promise of improving access to health care for male. Offers good health care to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males is the key strategy that the Australian government uses to transform health care system. In addition, data male health is used to build evidence based male health improvement by National Longitudinal Study on Male Health. Finding lasting solution to challenges affecting men is a political milestone for the government. Furthermore, development of The National Male Health Policy is political objective for the Australian government (ABS, 2008). Legal relevance The constitution mandates the government to come up with policies that regulate services provision. As stated in the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2008), the health care should uphold human right regardless of the gender or ethnicity. The Policy considers the right of Australian male despite the previous attempt to uphold women rights. The right of Australian male has been violated due to limited access to health care services, inequities in health care services provision and vulnerability to poor health care services. National Male Health Policy therefore enjoys constitutional privileges in bid to correct this health problems faced by Australian male (National Preventative Health Taskforce, 2009). The National Male Health Policy In summary, the National Male Health Policy advances the need to provide good health care to Australian male. The policy is founded on the foundation of strengthening male, creation of health awareness, optimum health outcome and importance of Australian male. The policy works to transform the health care system so as to lay foundation for encouraging Australian male in the socio-cultural way that lift the status of men more than is previously believed in Australia. Moreover, the National Male Health Policy laid ground to reduce health care injustices that has been experience by marginalized communities living in Australia due to disparities in health care provision. Some of the communities that are the main target are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. National Male Health Policy remains relevant to the health care system to date since it touches economic, political, legal and socio-cultural aspects of Australian male (Applied Economics, 2003). POLICY ANALYSIS National Male Health Policy was developed due to the challenges that faces Australian male. The health care system in Australia had many problems that needed improvement. Some of the problems in Australian health systems are high mortality rate, health inequalities, limited access to health care, poor health and poor health care outcomes. High mortality rate Studies show that the mortality rate among Australian males is high as compared to female counterpart. The mortality rate is accompanied with low life expectancy of 78.7 years compared to 83.7 years for females. The mortality rate is due to disparities that are found in health care provision. In addition, drug abuse for instance smoking is rampart among Australian male making their health condition poor. This gives room for policy that can create awareness among Australian male on male health (World Health Organization Global Forum on Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, 2001). Health inequities The life expectancy among male that is 78.7 years though is one of the highest in the world is still lower as compared with life expectancy of female. Contributing factor for the difference in life expectancy between male and female result from inequalities in health care services provision that is experience in the health sector. Previously Australian female were given first priority when it come to health care services, the government had to come up with solution to reduce health care inequities (ABS, 2011). Limited access to health care services The health system in Australia was couple with limited accessibility of health care services and injustices experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males. Australian male have few clinical facilities that offer male health care. This is worst among the disadvantaged Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males (AIHW, 2011). Poor health and health care outcomes Poor health condition that Australian male lives in that are characterized by obesity, smoking, drug addiction and poor exercise leads to poor health conditions. Poor health care outcomes are also attributed to poor health conditions. Some indigenous males such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males have poor access to health care services that result in poor health outcomes (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). Policy Framework The problems that are part of Australian health care services need the necessary framework to tackle. The framework for policy includes community impact, effectiveness, expected media reception and constitutional framework (Royal Australian College of General Practitioners). Community impact The policy touches some of the community challenges that affects families and adoption means the community reaction is positive. For a long time the moral and dignity of Australian male has been fading away and completely replaced by contemporary culture that limit the status of Australian male in the society. The National Male Health Policy seeks to restore the respect, interest and quality life of male population. This implies that the Policy has the social framework that impacts the community directly (Hill, 2008). Cost Effectiveness A brief cost analysis indicates that the National Male Health Policy made the government to incur cost to ensure the health of Australian male is improved. Though the Australian male pay for health services offered at clinics, the policy remains economically effective. The government allocated funds to implement the Policy as a strategy to improve health care services (Applied Economics, 2003). Expected media reception Upon the launch of National Male Health Policy, the media received the policy through publication of expert analysis. Different experts provided analysis to the political impact of the policy in the society. In addition, several politicians were invited during talk shows to give their side view on the National Male Health Policy. Though the overall media reception was deemed positive few online users reticulated the policy as gender bias and male oriented. Finally, the media provided some of the weaknesses of the policy that needed improvement especially implementation (Halford, 2000). Constitutional framework As reported by Richardson (2004), its the government constitutional mandate to develop and implement policies that regulate the health sector. Different legal experts also provided the legal basis of the National Male Health Policy and its relevance to Australian health care service up-to-date. Importantly enough, constitution provide the legal framework for conceptualization of health care policies. The government therefore put all the legal think tank for the analysis of impact of formulating a health policy such as National Male Health Policy. Analyse The Current Literature Objectives of health care policy In order to achieve good male health policy there are several objectives that need to be met. Some of the objectives of good male health policy are optimal health outcomes, equity health provision, safety health care services, injury prevention and accessible health care services. According to National Preventative Health Taskforce (2009), equity health provision is the primary objective of health care policy. The outcome of research on health provision among both male and female population the research indicated that a substantive number of male die as compared to the number of female. Another study by Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2008) also shows that the Potential Years of Life Lost is higher among Australian male due to a number of diseases that are preventable. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2005) reported that the policy options need to equalize the health care services to both gender since Australian male has suffered due to inequalities between male and female. Begg et al (2007), shows that safety health care service is another key health priority of the government not only in Australia but also in the world. Patients that are admitted in the hospitals throughout the country normally safer from injury that may occur in health care facilities. According to Gardner Barraclough (2008), the most vulnerable for injury are men since there is common notion that male population is tolerance to difficult conditions. As compared to female who require high level of attention, attendance to male gender remains low in most health facilities. Marginalization of male gender points to the need for policy transformation to improve health safety among male patients. All Australians are entitle to accessible health care service regardless of gender and ethnicity. As Bridgman and Davis (2000) explains many Australian males were suffering from inaccessible health care services the condition with the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males has worse than that of any other groups of Australians. The worse health conditions characterized with less accessible health services prompted the government to look for lasting solution. According to Australian Government (2009), the government always have goal of accessible health care to achieve. COAG (2008) reported that it is the mandate of health care department to develop policies that ensure accessible health care services to all Australian male. Decision parameters Policy development and implementation takes into account some parameters that help in decision making. These parameters include resources that are needed, timeframe and priorities. Pool of resources is needed to make decision concerning the policy and these may include human resources, financial resources, political will and good legal backup. AIHW (2011) cites human resources composition of key stakeholders in the health care system. Human resources according to Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council (2008) include health practitioners, care providers and consultation from male themselves. Favorable political will is needed at the development and implementation stage of the health policy. In addition, as stated by Adams (2006), key government officials are involved in decision making pertaining policy. Moreover, consultation with the male patients provides information on key touchy issues that the policy needs to address. The legal backup is important since it provides the grounds for regulation of activities of the health system. Finally, financial resources are crucial for creation of health awareness and campaigning during the public involvement in th e development of policy. Major priorities to consider when developing health policy focuses mostly on the need of Australian male, equity health services, improved health among age groups, and reduction of poor health. Firstly, the basis of policy development according to Halford (2000) understands the need of Australian male. Australian male is faced with many challenges that need to be addresses the fore most important need is health care services. Secondly, as stated by Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008) Australian government policy development considers equity in health provision as the solution for male marginalization. Thirdly, report by World Health Organization Commission on Social Determinants of Health (2008) also campaign for reduction of poor health lifestyle among Australian male characterized by drug addiction, obesity and limited exercise. Recommendation For Change Some of the alternatives solutions to the problems experience by Australian male are health education, counseling and health insurance. There is need to develop health education program that aim to provide education to Australian male. Certain issues such as dealing with stress, healthy eating, good exercise, reduction of alcohol consumption and good sleep male should be taught. Australian government should come up with good educational policy that target men visiting health care facilities to train them on good healthy living. According to McEachan, Lawton, Jackson Lunt (2008), the strategy is tied to economic benefits such as reduced financial challenges due to medical treatment. As Hill (2008) cites good and healthy living reduce stress and lower health risk associated with mental strain during body activities. Healthy living also as explained reduce risk of contacting cancer since male clients can be trained on eating food that reduce cancer risk. Finally, educating Australian male also impact them with need to apply a preventive approach such as health assessment on life threatening conditions such as cancer. Building strong counseling policy is another option that is good for helping Australian male. For this strategy the health service department needs to formulate policy that incorporates counseling as the core option for assessing the challenges male faces in health care system. Research conducted by Ring OBrien (2007) shows that counseling help reduce stress by 40% due to reduction of mental tension. Similar research by World Health Organization (2001) also cites that some of male patients suffer a lot due to stress caused by family related challenges. To solve these challenges patients need proper counseling before leaving hospital facility. Counseling is particularly touching social framework and economic benefits since its deals with family issues hence production at workplace. Another policy option is investment in health insurance for employed and non-employed male population. The government needs to come up with health insurance policy that can make employers to consider working with health care system to ensure that male employees have health insurance. In addition, workplace hazards or injuries should be reduced under this policy to protect male population from being endangered (World Health Organization Global Forum on Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, 2001). According to economic experts this is cost effective since dividing some of employees payment to secure their health assist in treatment in case of any workplace accidents. This will also save some marginalized male such as those from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. Health insurance policy also helps increase health care accessibility among the male populations. Finally, employers need to reduce workplace harassment of male population so as to restore the dignity of male gender in Au stralia (ABS, 2011). Conclusion In conclusion, cross analysis of National Male Health Policy reveals that Australian male has been marginalized in the society. Some of the issues that are revealed in the National Male Health Policy analysis are low accessibility of health care services, poor health care outcomes, inequity in health care provision, high mortality rate and poor health living. The health services has been inaccessible to most Australian males with the worst being among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males (AIHW, 2011). Most of male attending health care facilities show that the health outcomes are not satisfactory as compared to female counterpart. The poor health outcomes are accompanied with high mortality rate. The mortality rate is high as compared to the mortality rate among Australian female. Similarly the analysis revealed that Australian male has been experiencing inequity health care provision as much attention is given to female counterpart. Finally, the health conditions are wors t among male characterized with heavy smoking, obesity and alcohol addiction In order to solve the above challenges affecting Australian male National Male Health Policy provides framework for optimum health outcomes, accessible health services, equity health provision, preventive approach and health awareness. National Male Health Policy seeks to improve the health outcomes up to optimum as compared to the previous outcomes. The policy highlighted strategies that create accessible health care services for male gender. To fulfill constitutional mandate the policy also outline the necessary steps to provide equity health services. The policy also cites some preventive approaches that are taken to prevent health problems as oppose to treatment. Finally the National Male Health Policy also lobby different pressure groups to campaign for health awareness among Australian male (Applied Economics, 2003). The policy analysis finally came up with some solutions to ensure effective implementation of the policy citing some changes that need to make. The policy addresses some education of male, health insurance and counseling. The analysis identified male education as one of the solution to problem affecting Australian male. Studies suggest that educating Australian male on the need for health living is important for ensuring good implementation of National Male Health Policy. Health insurance strategy is another proposed solution to health challenges witnessed in the health system. Health insurance connects workplace and health care facility to ensure good health care service among employed males. Finally, counseling is another proposed solution for health disparities. Counseling creates health awareness and solve the stress issues that affect male health. Counseling can work independently as a policy to improve health and also as part of implementation of National Male Health Policy (Au stralian Health Ministers Advisory Council, 2008). Reference ABS, National Health Survey 2007-08 Summary of Results. Cat 4364.0. AIHW, Diabetes: Australian Facts 2008. ABS, (2011), Australian Social trends, Data cube-health (No. 4102.0). Retrieved 22 May 2012 from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/4102.0?opendocument#from-banner=LN Adams M (2006) Raising the profile of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders mens health: An Indigenous mans perspective, Australian Aboriginal Studies, 2, pp.68-74 AIHW, (2011), 2010 National drug strategy household survey report. Canberra, Australia: AIHW. Applied Economics, (2003), Returns on Investment in Public Health: An Epidemiological and Economic Analysis. 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