The Black Death Essay Example for Free

The Black Death Essay A destructive plague strikes Europe in the fourteenth century notwithstanding its current over-populace and lack of healthy sustenance issues. Preconditions and Causes of the Plague 1. Nine-tenths of the individuals worked the land in the fourteenth century of Europe. 2. The 3 field framework proficiently rose the creation of yields anyway it was as yet insufficient to satisfy the needs of the developing populace. 3. Estimation shows the European populace multiplying inside the years 1000 and 3000 growing out of the food gracefully. 4. Notwithstanding food lack there was a deficiency of occupations, and numerous Europeans confronted extraordinary appetite conditions. 5. During 1315-1317 harvest disappointments bring about the biggest starvation of the Middle Ages. 6. Populated urban towns and zones, similar to the mechanical towns of the Netherlands endured the most under these conditions. 7. Overpopulation, financial downturn, starvation, and awful wellbeing meeting up for quite a long time without a doubt debilitated Europe’s populace making it progressively helpless to looming plague. 8. The Black Death was called so due to the dark staining of the skin. It made a trip from Asia to Europe through exchange courses. 9. The insects on rodents held the plague and ships that went from the Black Sea to Europe were the reasonable reason for the plague spreading to Europe. 10. The Black Death initially started showing up in Constantinople in 1346 and Sicily in 1347. Entering the ports of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa in 1348. From that point on the plague started spreading through Spain and France and into north Europe. Areas out of the way of exchange courses, for example, Bohemia stayed unaffected by the plague. 11. The plague had a lot of return for a considerable length of time after. Famous Remedies 1. The plague assaulted the lungs of the person in question while under it. Since it influenced the lungs sniffling and wheezing handily passed it on from individual to individual. 2. Doctors at the time knew little of the body so essential thing techniques to forestall the infection fizzled. 3. Cotemporary doctors can't clarify the plague either and see it to be a disaster with no clarification and no protection. 4. Western Europe was enormously influenced by a fixation on death and sickness and caused a cynicism that kept going considerably after the plague had been over for a considerable length of time. 5. A few people accepted the malady had originated from a defilement in the environment while others however it was brought about by exhaust that quakes discharged. 6. Numerous individuals accepted a cure was to wear a fragrant special necklace. 7. Some accepted a calm life would be a cure others surrendered to their interests; anyway others despite everything picked flight and disengagement as the best medication. 8. An extraordinary cure accepted by flagellants comprised of beating one’s self and that would welcome on a perfect mediation. The demonstration of this was so socially problematic and the blood spilled by this spread the sickness considerably more, so the congregation at long last restricted these demonstrations.

Close Reading for Audience and Purpose Essays - Communication Design

Close Reading for Audience and Purpose Essays - Communication Design Close Reading for Audience and Purpose Key Terms: Crowd: characterized as the gathering of audience members or perusers for whom a book or message is expected Reason: depicts the author's aims recorded as a hard copy a book, be they to engage, illuminate, convince, advise, assess, characterize, train, explainor even mislead. Essayist's and speakers need to actuate a reaction from their crowd. Setting of Interpretation: alludes to the variables that can impact a peruser of a book, for example, time, spot, or individual experience. Setting of organization: alludes to the variables that impact an author while making a book, for example, time, spot, and individual experience. Crowd So as to contemplate the connection between a book and the setting wherein it was composed, you have to know and comprehend the idea of crowd. Like spying on a discussion, while examining writings for the course you have to fill in the holes and search for what is inferred. Writings are neither composed nor perused in a vacuum. Time and spot can impact how and why a book is composed and how it is deciphered. In the course you will analyze writings where you will feel a separation among yourself and the target group (consider getting a magazine that objectives individuals with totally various interests that your own) While thinking about crowd, think about the accompanying inquiries: Who was the content composed for? How are you a player in or unique in relation to the intended interest group? Reason Scholars need to make a reaction in their target group. In this way, every content has a reason. To decide reason, ask yourself the accompanying: What is the author's goal? For what reason did the author compose the content? Setting OF INTERPRETATION Perusers are regularly impacted by the settings in which they read. They are influenced by their specific conditions and condition, just as their own history. This is known as the setting of translation The setting of understanding is the reason you may decipher a book uniquely in contrast to another person or why you may decipher it contrastingly that the writer expected. Setting OF COMPOSITION Scholars, much the same as everybody, are influenced by their condition and their own encounters. Time, race, sexual orientation, nationality and family ancestry are a couple of elements that impact authors. Factors, for example, these are known as the setting of piece. As you read you should be a criminologist searching for bits of proof that mirror the setting of structure. These bits of proof are called logical pieces of information. The figure underneath shows the connection between the setting of sythesis, the intended interest group, and the setting of translation Setting OF COMPOSITION 3363162124968 Time and Place020000 Time and Place 14685265212100344606-20471600 6718585622100 327342535560 Writer020000 Author 140632216459009359904889500 296227551435 Text020000 Content 11899902159000 9810751676400 1261110106680 Point of Communication: otherwise known as Purpose020000 Point of Communication: otherwise known as Purpose 3455035133350 Time and Place of Target Audience020000 Time and Place of Target Audience344606-20471600 16757658699500 9359904889500 3105150118110 Target Audience020000 Target Audience 13265156413500 981075412750 1255395106045 Peruser's Placement of Text020000 Peruser's Placement of Text 3452751122918 Your Place and Time00 Your Place and Time 167145210203700344606-20471600 6700345870500 9359904889500 3084616125392 Text020000 Content 13265157048500 14065254381500 3357748160622 You020000 You Setting OF INTERPRETATION

Testing the Effects of Radiation on Plants free essay sample

The reason for this lab was to check whether radiation affects the developed radish seeds that we utilized. From the watched information that we gathered, we had the option to reason that when seeds are presented to radiation, it influences how they develop, if there is any development whatsoever. Presentation Radiation is a significant ecological abiotic factor for plants, and one little segment of the electromagnetic radiation range, is known as the Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), gives the vitality to drive the light responses of photosynthesis. Such radiation harms natural tissues by segregating electrons from the particles that make up natural atoms. The outcomes incorporate radiation harming, malignant growth, and raised transformation rates. Researchers use ionizing radiation to expand quality change rates in trial life forms, for example, plants. The treated plants are then become under chosen natural conditions so as to improve the populace with that freak. The likelihood of producing â€Å"improved† freaks is low, and is what was seen in this lab utilizing radish seeds presented to different degrees of high-vitality gamma radiation (50-mrad, 100-mrad, 150-mrad, control). We will compose a custom article test on Testing the Effects of Radiation on Plants or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In this lab, there were four inquiries watched: 1. Does presentation to high-vitality electromagnetic radiation measurably affect radish seed germination rates? 2. Does introduction to such radiation measurably affect radish seedling development? 3. On the off chance that you can show any impact, is it reliant fair and square of radiation presentation? 4. Do people in the populace display varieties in their resilience to radiation presentation? First Hypothesis: Ho: Seed germination has nothing to do with gamma radiation (50, 150, and 500) HA: Gamma radiation will affect seed germination Second Hypothesis: Ho: Seedling development will have nothing to do with gamma radiation levels HA: The gamma radiation levels will impact seedling development in an unexpected way, contingent upon the level. (50, 150, and 500) Materials and Methods Reference the Laboratory Exercises in Biology Chapter 17 Testing the Effects of Radiation on Plants pages 168 - 169. Results Flaming Novas Plant Growth Table Control50 mrads150 mrads500 mrads Seeds: 09/185 cm NG 3. 9 cm2 cm Seeds: 09/2510. 5 cmNG6 cm6. 4 cm Seeds: 10/0213. 5 cmNG6 cm6. 7 cm Table 2: Test of Normality utilizing the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (N is more prominent than 50) Results are viewed as ordinary if p-esteem is more noteworthy than alpha level (0. 05). RadiationTest StatisticDfp-valueResult Control0. 060960. 20Significant 50 mRAD0. 107770. 028Not huge 150 mRAD0. 087890. 090Significant 500 mRAD0. 115840. 008Not noteworthy Not all radiation levels were typical, so all information is viewed as not ordinary or non-parametric. Figure 1: Showing stature of plants more than three weeks of development under radiation. Conversation For the principal seven day stretch of development, the control (non-irridiated) was at a tallness of around 5 centimeters, second week around 10. 5 cm, and a week ago at definite tallness of 13. 5 cm. The 50-mrad for every one of the three weeks had no development. The 150-mrad was at a stature of around 3. 9 cm, and for week two and three remained at 6 cm. The 500-mrad was at 2 cm for the principal week, the subsequent week was at 6. 4 cm and for the third week at 6. 7 cm. The control and radish seeds were completely positioned in a plate with one pellet of compost and about a similar measure of fertilized soil and was showered with water by the lab collaborators every day. Furthermore, when seven days a similar part from the Flaming Novas would gauge the plants (myself). The control, which is the one in particular that should be without radiation became the most elevated at 13. 5 cm; it was likewise the one that developed the most every week. The 50-mrad radish seed never encountered any development. The 150-mrad radish seed shot up around 4 cm the principal week and afterward the second and third week remained at a similar stature. From these perceptions we can tell that there was a critical contrast between the control and the radish seeds that were curved with radiation. The ones that contained radiation either encountered no development by any means, experienced hindered development, and were never as tall as the control. I dismiss both invalid estimates, and neglect to dismiss both option guesses since the radiation proved to affect the radish seeds. End From the got information, we had the option to neglect to dismiss the substitute estimates. Gamma radiation levels had consequences for the radish seeds. We had the option to decide these levels by contrasting these outcomes with the control which was only a radish seed that was never modified by any radiation supposedly.

Economics goverment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Financial matters goverment - Essay Example While the association involved a few financial advantages, for example, upgraded efficiencies, it became dangerous in light of the apparent coordination of valuing and other conduct that were dreaded to prompt anticompetitive practices. Joint endeavors are examined by the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in light of the arrangements of the Hart-Scott-Rodino pre merger notice demonstration of 1976. The said examination was a necessity before the endeavor was at long last culminated. There was not court continuing, with no proper testimonies or records by the two gatherings of their situations under the steady gaze of the court, just as open divulgence of reports. The examinations just included the assessment of countless reports. After this sort serious antitrust examination, FTC at last gave the blessing and the joint endeavor continued, in spite of the fact that with certain changes. The primary legitimate issue in the GM-Toyota joint endeavor relates to its effect available. Especially, there is the apparent probability of helpful conduct wherein the gatherings - both predominant players in the car business - would participate that can disservice the situation of the customers (Kwoka, p.50). For instance, the degree of organization gives a chance to the two organizations to fix estimating. Eventually - in this regard - the agents were worried that the endeavor would unfavorably affect the opposition in the market or moderate serious conduct if a total union of tasks between these two organizations was figured it out. The second and last issue in the examination concerns the suitable treatment of Japanese creation. Under the alleged â€Å"voluntary restriction understanding or VRA, Japanese vehicle import is dependent upon a share: 1.68 million vehicle fare to the United States inside the time of two years (p. 51). The lawful ramifications of the joint endeavor is various. To start with, there is the discussion whether the

Forum 5 criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gathering 5 criminology - Essay Example definition:- there is absence of a focal archive for information on the real number of corporate wrongdoings in the state and all the government courts of the United states. Furthermore, the main wellspring of information in the United States condemning commission, this doesn't precisely mirror the issue as it just gathers information on companies that have been sentenced for government offenses (White-Collar and Corporate Crime. Criminology and Public Policy 1.1 (2008). It forgets about different firms who might be the genuine guilty parties or committers of corporate wrongdoing. The other issue comes with regards to the definition, this term is anything but a compactly characterized term, and this prompts extra trouble with regards to the assurance concerning what sorts of practices would fall under the class of corporate criminal offenses. The issue of characterizing corporate law has occurred throughout the years. This is a result of the dynamic advancement that this type of wrongdoing takes. Corporate criminal laws take five structures going from the thought of independent lawfulness, trailed by audit of criminal cases by courts. Thirdly, we have the development of the administrative organizations and law to impact them, the following is the joining of powers is the enterprises and the legislature to battle it and ultimately a call for change as a result of the rampancy of these violations (HASNAS 2005). To check these issues start by the away from of the issues. This is on the grounds that an issue ordinarily emerge with the authorizations of the corporate wrongdoings where if the rules altogether increment the approvals, the generous decreases in fines is permitted for the situation with the proof of a hierarchical due constancy. Another answer for corporate wrongdoings is gotten from the â€Å"Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002† which is described by ordered evaluator freedom and expanded punishments for protections misrepresentation and this makes corporate heads abstain from extortion of any type of their organizations (Keane 1993). The demonstrations has helped yet with a

In The Oedipus Complex - Free Essay Example

In the Oedipus complex, Sigmund Freud provides a mirror to individuals that reflects certain aspects of the mind that may not have ever been understood or even discovered. Freud was a neurologist that devoted much of his time in the psychiatric field. He created the psychoanalytic method which focuses on the unconscious brain activity all individuals experience known as dreams. In this method, Freud emphasizes that a strong relationship is present between dreams and sexuality. The Oedipus complex states that, as infants, all individuals are attracted to their opposite-sex parent and have a strong hate for their same-sex parent. According to Freud, these thoughts are repressed as people grow and change, but may come back in a form of a dream. Sigmund Freud successfully persuades his audience while explaining his complex by showing them a deep reflection of their mind that they may not have been able to interpret at all before. He does so by, first, linking his theory to two well-known pieces of literature so his hypothesis could be easier understood and have more of a possibility to relate to the audience. He also sways his audience by his use of strong and assertive diction and tone, which conveys his self-confidence and determination. Finally, a very important rhetoric factor Freud uses while explaining the Oedipus complex is the fact that he was the first to find a pattern and explanation for the specific neurotic behavior that was occurring. Sigmund Freud increases his persuasion by examining two classic pieces of Western literature that are very popular within all types of audiences. The two stories he examined are the notable tragedies of Oedipus Rex and Hamlet. Freud believes these stories are prime examples of his hypothesis concerning the mentality of children and how their minds evolve. The difference between the two tragedies is that Oedipus Rex evidently shows the urges that all individuals experience within their dreams and Hamlet only hints at these urges because they are repressed until consequences take place. He introduces the classic tragedies because they are very moving and recognizable among Western culture within any time period. Because of these two reasons, Freud believes that including the two tragedies in his book is effective because it helps the readers understand that his hypothesis is not foreign to Western culture. In other words, readers have already known about the psychological condition the y are just not consciously aware of it. Oedipus Rex is a play written by Sophocles regarding a curse put on a king named Oedipus. As an infant, Oedipus parents were warned that their child would be the murderer of his own father and would take his place as his mothers husband. In knowing this, his parents gave him away in hopes of never encountering him again. Years later, Oedipus found himself in a quarrel against an unknown man and ended up killing him. Soon after, the throne of the city of Thebes was rewarded to Oedipus after solving a riddle. Eventually, King Oedipus is soon aware that a curse has fallen on Thebes and investigates to see how to lift it. Oedipus finds out that the only way to lift this curse is to find and punish the murderer of the former king named Laius. He explores his city in hopes of finding this unknown man, but instead he discovers through outside sources that he, in fact, is the wanted murderer. This news brings up an old memory to Oedipus of a man telling him that he will kill his own father a nd wed his mother. Comprehending this information, Oedipus concludes that the appalling news is true and blinds himself out of guilt (918-919). The prevalent lesson that is to be learned from this tragedy is giving in to the will of the gods and realization of his own helplessness. However, Freuds logic claims that, if a story positively affects a modern audience just as much as a contemporary Greek one, then the impact does not come from the contrast between the will of the gods and his own helplessness but from the reasoning behind it (919). Freud asserts that there must be something in ones minds allowing one to recognize the forceful power of destiny. Otherwise stated, Oedipus destiny affects and appeals to all audiences because their dreams convince them that they might have had the same curse as him. Given this, Freud avers that viewers experience what is identified as childhood wish fulfillment when reading this tragedy (920). Therefore, viewers have a strong feeling of success in that they escaped their own impulses and did not become psychoneurotic unlike Oedipus. Freud believes that the purpose of Oedipus Rex is to convince readers to recognize these impulses brought on by nature within themselves and to not be ignorant like Oedipus. Sigmund Freud also reckons that the tragedy of Hamlet represents specific characteristics of his complex. This play written by Shakespeare revolves around a character named Hamlet and his hesitation on taking revenge yet there is no explanation in the text as to why the hesitation is evident. Hamlet has committed other acts of violence throughout his life but, oddly enough, hesitates to take action on the man who killed his father and took his mother in marriage. Freud suspects that the hesitation takes place within Hamlet because the man represents childhood wish fulfillments. So, consequently, Hamlet goes through stages of blame directed at himself instead of loathing towards his fathers murderer. According to Freud, the blame he experiences reminds him that he is no better than that man but does not know exactly why. Freud strongly believes that these two pieces of literature represent the complex he proposes because he knows that the poets mind reflects onto his plays. If the complex is true, that means it takes place in the poets mind which hence proves that the complex takes place within reality and the real world. Freud declares that his purpose behind over-studying the minds of these poets is to try to fully understand and reveal their deepest impulses and interpretations. Sigmund Freuds use of diction in his book successfully sways the readers by providing a confident and educational tone. His tone never portrays himself as an angry or unintelligent man, which no one wants to listen to or learn from. The first line of his book establishes his credibility stating that he has extensive experience with mental lives. Freud conveys a certain authority over people who are not very knowledgeable in this subject because he shows great intellect which makes viewers want to learn more from him. However, he does not show he wants to have power and control over his audience; he only wants to educate. Freud shows empathy by defending the people who have suffered from neurotic behavior and self-punishment caused by guilt. He urges not to feel guilty because all individuals have the same tendencies whether they are aware of it or not. The book also has a confident tone by use of Freuds self-confident diction. One of the many examples of the portrayal of Freuds confi dence is the use of the word clearly in the sentence, It is clearly the key to the tragedy. (919). The word clearly in this sentence exerts confidence by respectfully implying that this explanation makes the most sense and is the most applicable to the specific situation. These factors show that Freuds tone and diction do not give the reader the desire to turn away or disagree. While this may not necessarily apply to more modern audiences, Freuds book had great rhetoric by plainly providing an answer to readers. During the time period this book came out and thrived, there were not many studies of the mind especially regarding concepts like Freuds psychoanalytic theory. This gave him an opportunity to give answers or just to invoke theories within curious minds. Freuds book appeals to anyone but may focus more closely on people who have experienced such neurotic behavior that he describes or people who just have a deep interest of the mind. This type of audience is eager to find answers that may not have ever been provided for them and Freuds may assist them with that. Overall, Sigmund Freuds use of rhetoric was successful in showing his audience a reflection of their mind that they may not have seen before. He does so by connecting his theory to two classic plays that are well-known to his audience so they can be convinced that his theory already exists and so they can make an easier connection. Freud also persuades his audience by his use of confident tone and diction and by taking advantage of the fact that no one has found an explanation for this type of mental activity. While Freud uses great rhetoric throughout his book, it still does not prove his theory to be right or wrong. Sigmund Freuds theory is still significant being that it has been carried along to present day and still not completely proven wrong.

The Benefits of Free Essay Samples Online

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Police Interaction Of The Mentally Ill - 2526 Words

From police interaction of the mentally ill, Crisis Intervention Training has been born with the focus on police officers being able to identify individuals who may be suffering from various type of mental illness. In addition to being able to identify if a person is suffering from a mental disorder, the training also teaches officers the skills to communicate with them in hopes to de-escalate the tense situation peacefully (Russell, 2012). Attitudes toward the mentally ill started to change in the 60’s and 70’s from both the communities and professionals. The two began to recognize that the mentally ill had rights to live an independent life style like that of ordinary citizens. Before this, people with mental illness or developing disabilities had been institutionalized, giving strong medications, sedated and isolated from the rest of society. Living amongst the community, they receive their medication as well as interact with the general public. In addition, they also interact with security personnel and law enforcement officers, and all too frequently with unfortunate consequences. (Russell, 2012). CIT is a specialized training program utilizing mental health and substance abuse experts, legal experts, consumer/family advocates, and experienced CIT officers. They teach law enforcement officers how to de-escalate unpredictable situations involving those with mental health disorders. The training is accomplished through role playing, learning about the likely behavior ofShow MoreRelatedLaw Enforcement Interactions With The Mentally Ill Community1674 Words   |  7 PagesLaw enforcement interactions with the mentally ill community are increasing, due to a number of factors such as cuts on long-term psychiatric beds, improvements in treatments and the philosophy of integration (Adelman, 2003). Which leads to mentally ill people living in the community, which leads to increase crisis and police interaction because of insufficient funding. Existing community-based crisis response services are not well unified and are limited, especially in rural areas. General hospital-basedRead Mor eMental Health Hospitals For The Mentally Ill Essay981 Words   |  4 Pagesof America’s jails mentally ill that are booked for minor offenses. When someone is diagnosed with acute mental illness do not receive the proper care he or she needs, his or her actions automatically become indicative. Symptomatic severely mentally ill individual’s behavior appears criminal (Ford, M. 2015, June 8). Sadly, America has done an excellent job of criminalizing people with mental illness. Prisons have become the surrogate mental health hospitals for the mentally ill instead of psychiatricRead MorePolice Corruption And Criminal Justice914 Words   |  4 PagesAll Police are Corrupt Police corruption today is becoming an issue more and more. Today’s police, especially in densely populated areas, are well known for using excessive force on ethnic minorities, lower classes such as the homeless, and sexually abusing women and children; whether directly or indirectly. Anyone who does not follow the orders of the police, regardless of laws, is subject to police corruption and imprisonment. In cases of anticorruption the officer, judge, or public official isRead MoreMental Disabilities And The Death Penalty1259 Words   |  6 Pagesinnocent of a crime. Since the early 80s, more than sixty mentally ill criminals have been executed the US (Mental Illness on Death Row). This paper will discuss the relationship between the law and the challenges faced by mentally criminals from tries to appeals and execution. It provides examples of some of the more famous cases of the execution of the mentally ill and describes current legislative. But we would try answer the wh ether the mentally disabled criminals should be charged with a death penaltyRead MoreThe Treatment Of Mental Illness1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe shutdown of state mental hospitals and lack of available financial and institutional resources force mentally ill people to the United States Judicial System for mental health. Every year thousands of people are arrested for various crimes and they are sent to jail. Sixteen percent of these people have some type of mental health problem (Public Broadcasting System , 2001). When we consider that the United States has the largest incarcerated population in the world at 2.2 million, this numberRead MoreHow Stigma Interferes with Mental Health Care892 Words   |  4 PagesMental Health Care Patrick Corrigan’s article on stigmas and how they interfere with mental care brings insight into a world that many people face. Although there are conflicting ideas on how exactly stigmas towards mentally ill people are broken down, (people labeled mentally ill are stigmatized more severely than those with other health conditions; people with psychotic disorders are judged more harshly than people with depression or anxiety disorders) there is an ever looming problem with theRead MoreLaw Enforcement And The Mentally Ill1878 Words   |  8 PagesHead: LAW ENFORCEMENT AND THE MENTALLY ILL: TREATMENT NOT Law Enforcement and the Mentally Ill: Treatment Not Jail Jaysen V. Thomas Troy University Seminar in Law Enforcement CJ-6640-XTIA 16/T1 Instructor: Dr. Wigginton September 3, 2016 Abstract The recent increase in emergency 9-1-1 calls involving mentally ill persons has heightened the awareness of the Criminal Justice System. Across the nation, law enforcement encounters with mentally ill persons have become more frequentRead MoreMental Health Incidents Have Effected Policing1439 Words   |  6 Pagesinefficiencies Police have long been the default resource to manage new demands from changes in society, and in regards to mental illness, they have been referred to as the â€Å"informal first responders of mental health† (Council of Canadian 33). This responsibility on police stems from two common law principles: â€Å"power and authority of police to protect the safety of the community, and the parens patriae doctrine which grants state protection for citizens with disabilities such as the acutely mentally ill†Read MoreThe Social Problem Of Police Brutality1458 Words   |  6 Pagessocial problem I would like to conduct sociological research on is the use of excessive force used by members of the police department in recent unconscionable shootings of unarmed civilians. With all the recent attention that the people of Ferguson Missouri and New York City have been able to rise on this issue, making it a media sensation, it seemed like a good topic to discuss. Police brutality is an egregious, ongoing problem in our society that, until just recently, has been accepted as a sad factRead MoreCrisis Intervention Team ( Cit ) Is A Community Initiative And Training Program3871 Words   |  16 PagesCrisis Intervention Team (CIT) is a community initiative and training program that has been developed in many U.S. states to help law enforcement officers react appropriately and improve the outcome of law enforcement interactions in situations involving mentally ill or developmentally disabled individuals (CIT Overview). CIT training has many key components such as community collaborations, a 40 hour training program that includes basic information about mental illness and how to recognize the signs

The Negative Effects of Hubris in The Odyssey by Homer

As Thomas Jefferson once said, â€Å"Pride costs us more than hunger, thirst, and cold†. Hubris causes excessive arrogance in people, and can lead to their downfall. In The Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus, a prideful warrior, tries to get back home to the island of Ithaca. Odysseus’ hubris ends up leading to many problems for himself and his crew. Hubris played a negative role in The Odyssey due to Odysseus revealing his identity to Polyphemus, not telling his crew about Aeolus’ bag of winds, and staying with Circe for a year. Odysseus’ hubris played a negative role when Odysseus revealed his identity to Polyphemus. Odysseus and his crew had just managed to escape from the Cyclops, Polyphemus, after driving a stake into his eye. But then, Odysseus told the blinded Cyclops his identity by shouting, â€Å"Cyclops – if any man on the face of the earth should ask you who blinded you, shamed you so- say Odysseus, raider of cities, he gouged out you eye, La ertes’ son who makes his home in Ithaca† (9, 558-562). Odysseus managed to tell Polyphemus his name, father, and home. Polyphemus then prayed to Poseidon, his father, to get revenge on Odysseus. Poseidon ended up killing Odysseus’ entire crew and delaying Odysseus for 10 years. None of those terrible consequences would have happened if Odysseus had suppressed his enormous pride. Odysseus’ hubris resulted in a lot of suffering for many people. Odysseus’ hubris prevents Odysseus and his crew from getting back to Ithaca again when Odysseus didShow MoreRelatedCompare Odysseus and Oedipus Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pagesrelentless tenacity. On the other hand, Odysseus and Oedipus also demonstrate their crude habits with their hubris behavior throughout their own prophecy. In addition to the similarities, the powerful gods play a significant role which drastically affects Odysseus and Oedipus’s fate. The gods play a significant role in the outcome of Odysseus and Oedipus’ destiny. In the poem The Odyssey, Odysseus is an epic king who is trying to return to Ithaca from the Trojan War. 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Life Lessons (Book Review) Essay - 672 Words

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The two authors present us with the idea of authentic self, one that is not defined by our health, accomplishments, status or possessions. We can channel it by removing all of the excess and learning the truth about ourselves. There is a part of you that is indefinable and changeless, that does not get lost or change with age, disease, or circumstances. There is an authenticity you were born with, have lived with, and will die with. (p25). How it relates to individual cultural beliefs and practices: The authors do not delve as much on each patients culture but they speak overall about the type of culture we live in. They more address our American culture and its view of death. We have all been thought unconditional love well Recommendation: Being a self-help book junkie, I really anticipated reading this book. Its a very thought-provoking book. It helps you take a step back and reexamine issues in your life. Overall, it was a great and quick read. 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Recruitment Of Well Qualified, Goal Driven And...

The recruitment of well-qualified, goal-driven and professional employees is essential when staffing any company. Throughout the hiring process, the human resource manager may encounter a few obstacles when attempting to efficiently fill positions. Each position in a company is crucial to the company’s success and filling them should be taken very seriously. Some positions such as customer service representative can become difficult to fill especially when happy customers are the key to success. When the recruitment process becomes difficult, a job analysis can get to the root of the problem. A job analysis is a process to identify and determine in detail the particular job duties and requirements and the relative importance of these duties for a given job. There are different approaches that may be taken when completing a job analysis, it is up to the human resource manager to determine which approaches are the most effective. 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Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Infection †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Infection. Answer: Introduction: Jim was last one day ago and on admission, an initial assessment is done. Preliminary diagnosis prior to admission indicates Influenza. On a problem-based focus, the key assessments to be undertaken are on the unproductive airway clearance, an ineffective breathing pattern and hyperthermia. The airway clearance is ineffective, on inspection it is evident that there is copious nasal discharge and inflammation of the tonsils. Assessment of rhinorrhoea and tonsillar inflammation serves to ensure a proper respiratory mechanism. The patency of the airway in the case is important. A backflow of the nasal discharge could cause fluid aspiration into the lungs causing aspiration pneumonia. The unchecked tonsillar inflammation can result in asphyxia. Assessment of the pattern of breathing is crucial on admission. His airways should be inspected, the chest palpated, inspected then auscultation done to rule on the previous indication of bilateral wheezing. Adequate objective data to this account provide the on the necessities admission especially on the oxygen administration. In spite having good air entry, there is a possibility of pulmonary oedema and reduced oxygen perfusion. The initial oxygen saturation is at 94% of recommended (90-100%). Ineffective scrutiny of this vital could end up in shortness of breath and eventually culminate in respiratory distress and eventually an airway shutdown. Temperature is a crucial assessment focus. It is previously shown that the patient had hyperthermia with a body temperature of 38.3C .This is an evidence of fever and validated by the pulse rate of 105 bpm. There is also increased sweating. Assessment of temperature is necessary to ensure that appropriate measures are taken on admission including fluid and electrolyte replacement and ensure there is adequate hydration. Unmonitored hypothermia can cause accelerated reduction in the metabolism and reduction in the level of consciousness (Yagil, R., Etzion, Z., Oren, A. (1983)). There is also a possibility of an increased cardiac output, heart rate and eventually risk of a myocardial infarction. Note: Dot points recommended in care plan. Click and type in each cell, click enter in a cell to make it longer. Do not remove text from the template. A reminder that all rationales must be referenced Nursing problem: Risk of spread of infection Underlying cause or reason: Influenza is a highly contagious virus spread via airborne droplets and direct contact. Immunocompromised patients in the hospital setting are at higher risk of contracting disease resulting in adverse events. Goal of care Nursing interventions/actions Rationale Indicators your plan is working To prevent and control the spread of influenza within the healthcare facility and the community. Isolate the client in a room with monitored negative air pressure, with the room door closed, and the client remaining in the room. Always wear appropriate respiratory protection when you enter the client room. Limit the movement and transport of the client from the room to essential purposes only. If need be the patient to be on mask during transport. Limit the number of relatives and visitors coming to see Jim and also protect those allowed from getting the infection by giving them protective masks and gowns before entering Jims room. Practice proper hand washing before and after giving care to the client, also after being in contact with the patient environment. I will also educate Jim and his visitors on the importance of hand washing in disease prevention and when appropriate to wash hands to ensure the patient hygienic care. Observe and report signs of infection such as redness, warmth, discharge, and increased body temperature Such set of precautions are meant to prevents airborne transmission and contact transmission of the disease. (La Rosa, G., Fratini, M., Libera, S. D., Iaconelli, M., Muscillo, M. (2013). Hygienic care is important to prevent infection in at-risk clients (Gould, D. J., Moralejo, D., Drey, N., Chudleigh, J. H., Taljaard, M. (2010) The onset of infection activates the immune system and the signs of infections appear. (Iwasaki, A., Medzhitov, R. (2010).) There are no signs of infection noticed The hospital staff, patient and his visitors practice proper hand washing The patient remains isolated in a room with monitored negative air pressure. Nursing problem: Self-care deficit Underlying cause or reason: muscle pain, fatigue and general weakness of the patient limits performance of self-care activities independently. Goal of care Nursing interventions/actions Rationale Indicators your plan is working To ensure patient executes self-care activities to utmost capability. Guide the patient in accepting the need of assistance Boost maximum dependence Enhance positive reinforcements of all activities attempted and note any partial achievements Develop and apply a regular routines and ensure that the patient gets adequate time to complete task. Patient may require help in determining the safe limits of trying to be independent versus asking for assistance when necessary (Tamura-Lis, W. (2013). The goal of rehabilitation is one of achieving the highest level of independence possible The goal of rehabilitation is one of achieving the highest level of independence possible (leach, 2010) An established routine will help the client organize and carry out self-care tasks with less effort (SPENCE LASCHINGER, H. K., Gilbert, S., Smith, L. M., Leslie, K. (2010). The patent response positively and can effectively attempt to perform tasks to his capability Nursing problem: Risk of imbalanced fluid volume Underlying cause or reason: There is excessive fluid loss due to fever Goal of care Nursing interventions/actions Rationale Indicators your plan is working To demonstrate appropriate fluid balance with appropriate parameters such as moist mucous membranes, good skin turgor, stable vital signs. Assess and monitor vital signs to note for any changes; increasing temperature Assess the skin turgor, moisture of mucous membranes. Monitor fluid intake and output and chart appropriately. Administer medication as prescribed: antipyretics i.e Paracetamol 4/24 orally prn Elevated temperature and prolongedfever increases metabolic rate and fluid loss through evaporation. (Stolwijk, J. A., Hardy, J. D. (2011).) Monitoring provide information about fluid adequacy and replacement needs (lobo, 2013) To reduce fluid loss.( Thompson, H. J., Kagan, S. H. (2011) Fever reduce and the parameters of adequate body fluids is seen, that is, good skin turgor, moist mucous membranes, rapid capillary refill. Nursing problem: Ineffective airway clearance Underlying cause or reason: Tracheobronchial and nasal secretions Goal of care Nursing interventions/actions Rationale Indicators your plan is working Patient will achieve and maintain a patent airway. Assess respiratory status for rate, depth, ease, use of accessory muscles, and work of breathing Assess patient for pallor or cyanosis Changes may vary from minimal to extremes caused by bronchial swellings and other disease states that complicate the current illness (Ackley, B. J., Ladwig, G. B. (2010).) Indicators of loss of airway patency may indicate hypoxemia(Hemmelgarn, C., Gannon, K. (2013).) The patient should achieve a patient airway and maintain it Nursing problem: Ineffective breathing pattern Underlying cause or reason: inflammation from the viral infection Goal of care Nursing interventions/actions Rationale Indicators your plan is working Patient will achieve and maintain normal respiratory pattern and rate, with no adventitious breath sounds on auscultation. Carefully Monitor the respiratory rate, rhythm and character. Notify the physician any abnormal findings or changes Monitor pulse oximetry readings and notify physician if 90% Advise and encourage the patient to stay in a semi fowlers position as tolerated. Auscultate breathe sounds after every 2-4 hours and notify the physician of any changes. Changes may show early signs of respiratory compromise and insufficiency (Chien, Y. S., Su, C. P., Tsai, H. T., Huang, A. S., Lien, C. E., Hung, M. N., ... Chang, S. C. (2010).) Oximetry approximates arterialblood gas oxygen saturation, and hence helping in identifying oxygenation dysfunction and respiratory status changes. (Holley, A. D. (2014).) Semi fowlers position promote chest expansion and enhances respiratory effort. (Frownfelter, D. (2014).) Auscultation assists with identification of changes in respiratory status and presence of adventitious breath sounds or decreased breath sounds (Meredith, T., Massey, D. (2011).) The client achieves and maintain a normal breathing range (12-20 breaths per min) No adventitious breath sounds on auscultation. Medication management Jim is given a preliminary diagnosis of Influenza. The viral replication does peak before the manifestation of clinical symptoms and the efficacy of medication depends on the initiation of the medication. In this case, Jim is given oseltamivir, a neuraminidase inhibitor. It is an analogue of sialic acid and acts by interfering with the budding of the influenza virus and curbing the spread in the respiratory tract. The 75mg Bd dose is favourable due to the half-life of 6-10 hours. The dose administered should be as prescribed, given at the right intervals and dosage. The patient response well documented and assessed frequently. Oseltamivir is associated with nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. The side effects should be clearly dissociated from the presenting complaints. Paracetamol is a central acting antipyretic and analgesic that acts by weakly inhibiting COX enzymes thus eliciting anti-inflammatory actions (Sin, B; Wai, M; Tatunchak, T; Motov, 2016). The paracetamol dose is administered 6 hourly to maintain the concentration of the acetaminophen. The administration of paracetamol should be at the regular intervals and at the right dosage to minimise the lethargy caused the fever and alleviate the pain secondary to the muscular pain. Paracetamol also requires monitoring of the fever and avoid any propensity of an overdose. It is indicated in Sin et al (2016) that acetaminophen causes depletion of glutathione and hepatic damage. Dose adjustments should be made after consultion. Fluvax IM is administered in a trivalent dosage to adults. This is to avoid the risk of the complications of the flu. Inoculation of the antigen in the attenuated influenza virus stimulates the production of antibodies. The immunity to antigens expressed on the surface especially haemagluttin reduces the possibility of infection and severity of recurrent infection. The subsequent vaccinations should then be scheduled and documentation made. The vaccination may be associated with hyperthermia, malaise, and headache and may increase the sweating. In this case all the temperature has to be recorded frequently. Patient teaching Jim is a known smoker with an average smoking standard rate of 5-10 cigarettes per day. He has to understand how smoking causes hypertension and the health implications of the smoking lifestyle. The possible courses of rehabilitation and a behavioural change model made clear and he is left to make a decision. The effect of the hypertension on his response to infection should also made lucid. Smoking doubles the risk to hypertension and vascular malfunction. The vascular endothelium becomes fibrous and the arterial pressure is increased. This increased pressure results is a cumulative increase in the blood pressure and the manifestation of hypertension. Cigarette smoke has toxic compounds that increase cardiovascular inflammation, cause oxidation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Ambrose, J. A., Barua, R. S. (2010). Furthermore it should be clear to Jim that smoking causes the loss of life expectancy of the patient. The toxins in cigarette smoking accelerate the aging process. The effect of the toxins on the lungs should also be explained. Exposure of the lungs to the toxins increase the risk of developing throat and lung cancer respectively. The tar also causes toot discolouration and occurrences of bad breath. Moreover, smoking is a possible cause of blunted weight gain and this has to be made clear to Jim. More to this, the overall decrease in libido and increase in the predisposition to erectile dysfunction should be elaborate to depth. The benefits of living free of smoking should also be set viz-a-viz the effects of the smoking routine Initiatives towards cessation of the code should be initiated with cigarette reduction therapy. Jim has to live a healthy lifestyle. He has to stick on a good diet, with all the necessary nutrients. Undergo psychological therapy and health education. On his lifestyle he has to embrace physical exercise and change attitudes towards smoking as a recreational activity. He also has to be referred to social welfare agencies to provide care and food since he is homeless. Clinical judgement and handover The possible cause of the fever is occurrence of a bacterial infection after completion of the antiviral therapy. In many occasions, the influenza virus is transmitted together with bacteria. The initial line of treatment was focused on the virus alone but no prophylaxis was given for a bacterial infection. Multiplication of bacterial colonies result in the activation of the immune system. The adaptive and the innate immune systems are both activated. Inflammatory cytokines are released into circulation and initiate the attack to the bacteria. This immune system reaction result in the elevation of the body temperature hence the resurgence of the fever. The multiplier effect of the fever culminated in hyperventilation and increased heart rate. Jim should be given sponge baths and antipyretics as ordered. The physician should be notified of the change. Jim is a 58-year-old homeless Indigenous male of no fixed address. He presented to the Emergency Department with dyspnea, myalgia, fatigue, malaise, rhinorrhea and headache. His symptoms began approximately 3 day ago and he has tested positive for Influenza A and his influenza symptoms have decreased over the past 24 - 48 hours with continued medications. He has a past medical History of asymptomatic hypertension though he is not currently on any antihypertensive because he did not take his previous medication when prescribed. On assessment he was found to be febrile and has shortness of breath. He is allergic to chickens but has no known drug allergies. He states he used to smoke but not so much anymore as he cannot afford them however he does smoke up to 5 10 per day if he can get them. Vital signs Temperature 39.6oC Heart rate 125 beats per min Respiratory rate 24 resps per min Blood pressure 124/79 mmHg O2 saturations 86% on room air References Ackley, B. J., Ladwig, G. B. (2010).Nursing Diagnosis Handbook-E-Book: An Evidence-Based Guide to Planning Care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Ambrose, J. A., Barua, R. S. (2010). The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: an update.Journal of the American college of cardiology,43(10), 1731-1737. Brown, D., Edwards, H., Seaton, L., Buckley, T. (2017).Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier Health Sciences Chien, Y. S., Su, C. P., Tsai, H. T., Huang, A. S., Lien, C. E., Hung, M. N., ... Chang, S. C. (2010). Predictors and outcomes of respiratory failure among hospitalized pneumonia patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in Taiwan.Journal of infection,60(2), 168-174. Frownfelter, D. (2014). Facilitating ventilation patterns and breathing strategies.Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy-E-Book: Evidence to Practice, 352. Gould, D. J., Moralejo, D., Drey, N., Chudleigh, J. H., Taljaard, M. (2010). Interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care.The Cochrane Library. Hemmelgarn, C., Gannon, K. (2013). Heatstroke: clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.Compendium: Continuing Education for Veterinarians. Howatson-Jones, L., Standing, M., Roberts, S. (2015).Patient Assessment and Care Planning in Nursing. Learning Matters. Iwasaki, A., Medzhitov, R. (2010). Regulation of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system.science,327(5963), 291-295. Kreijtz, J. H. C. M., Fouchier, R. A. M., Rimmelzwaan, G. F. (2011). Immune responses to influenza virus infection. Virus research, 162(1-2), 19-30. Kuiken, T., Riteau, B., Fouchier, R. A. M., Rimmelzwaan, G. F. (2012). Pathogenesis of influenza virus infections: the good, the bad and the ugly.Current opinion in virology,2(3), 276-286. La Rosa, G., Fratini, M., Libera, S. D., Iaconelli, M., Muscillo, M. (2013). Viral infections acquired indoors through airborne, droplet or contact transmission.Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita,49(2), 124-132. Leach, E., Cornwell, P., Fleming, J., Haines, T. (2010). Patient centered goal-setting in a subacute rehabilitation setting.Disability and rehabilitation,32(2), 159-172. Ling, L. M., Chow, A. L., Lye, D. C., Tan, A. S., Krishnan, P., Cui, L., ... Leo, Y. S. (2010). Effects of early oseltamivir therapy on viral shedding in 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 50(7), 963-969 Lobo, D. N., Lewington, A. J., Allison, S. P. (2013). Basic concepts of fluid and electrolyte therapy.Bibliomed, Melsungen. Meredith, T., Massey, D. (2011). Respiratory assessment 2: More key skills to improve care.British Journal of Cardiac Nursing,6(2), 63-68. SPENCE LASCHINGER, H. K., Gilbert, S., Smith, L. M., Leslie, K. (2010). Towards a comprehensive theory of nurse/patient empowerment: applying Kanters empowerment theory to patient care.Journal of Nursing Management,18(1), 4-13.

Relevance Of National Male Health Policy †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Relevance Of National Male Health Policy? Answer: Introduction National Male Health Policy was developed in 2010 following election commitment that the Australian government made in 2007. The foundation of the policy was the stories Australian male right to access to health care resources and information throughout Australia. In addition, the policy laid the ground for improving male health through creation of health awareness and prevention of health problem affecting Australian male such as poor health outcomes, health access barrier and poor use of health resources. The projected result from implementation of this Policy is good health that is coupled with enjoyment of family life and increase life expectancy among Australian male. The main focus of this policy analysis and critique is to analyze the relevance of National Male Health Policy in the current health care system in Australia. Relevance of National Male Health Policy The National Male Health Policy is relevant in the current health care system since the government has come up with the strategy to address health challenges Australian male face. In order to solve male challenges the Policy focus on focuses on three key issues that remain relevant to health care system in Australia. The relevance of The National Male Health Policy can be viewed from difference perspective. These include social, economic, political and legal relevance (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2010). Social relevance of policy The policy seeks to provide optimal health outcomes for males. The National Male Health Policy seeks to the policy ensures optimum outcome of health care among the male with health problems. In addition, the strategy assists the government to provide quality health to all gender as oppose to previous female priorities. The policy restores the value of male in the family and community. Secondly, health equity between populations groups of males. The Policy creates equity in health care through promoting good health services to disadvantaged males among indigenous communities such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males. The main approach in this priority is social approach to promoting equity health care services (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2005). Economic relevance The Policy provides framework for preventive health among Australian male and this reduce the economic challenges associated with poor health care (Applied Economics, 2003). The policy also incorporates employers to contribute toward health care services to lift the poor health outcomes of Australian male employee. Moreover, the policy reduces the workplace hazards that male employee faces throughout Australia. Solving key issues that affect Australian male require reducing economic strains caused be treatment of stress related problems and subsequently making male reproductive at workplace (Deeks, Lombard, Michelmore Teede, 2009). Political relevance As the mandate of Australian government the policy fulfill the government election promise of improving access to health care for male. Offers good health care to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males is the key strategy that the Australian government uses to transform health care system. In addition, data male health is used to build evidence based male health improvement by National Longitudinal Study on Male Health. Finding lasting solution to challenges affecting men is a political milestone for the government. Furthermore, development of The National Male Health Policy is political objective for the Australian government (ABS, 2008). Legal relevance The constitution mandates the government to come up with policies that regulate services provision. As stated in the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2008), the health care should uphold human right regardless of the gender or ethnicity. The Policy considers the right of Australian male despite the previous attempt to uphold women rights. The right of Australian male has been violated due to limited access to health care services, inequities in health care services provision and vulnerability to poor health care services. National Male Health Policy therefore enjoys constitutional privileges in bid to correct this health problems faced by Australian male (National Preventative Health Taskforce, 2009). The National Male Health Policy In summary, the National Male Health Policy advances the need to provide good health care to Australian male. The policy is founded on the foundation of strengthening male, creation of health awareness, optimum health outcome and importance of Australian male. The policy works to transform the health care system so as to lay foundation for encouraging Australian male in the socio-cultural way that lift the status of men more than is previously believed in Australia. Moreover, the National Male Health Policy laid ground to reduce health care injustices that has been experience by marginalized communities living in Australia due to disparities in health care provision. Some of the communities that are the main target are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. National Male Health Policy remains relevant to the health care system to date since it touches economic, political, legal and socio-cultural aspects of Australian male (Applied Economics, 2003). POLICY ANALYSIS National Male Health Policy was developed due to the challenges that faces Australian male. The health care system in Australia had many problems that needed improvement. Some of the problems in Australian health systems are high mortality rate, health inequalities, limited access to health care, poor health and poor health care outcomes. High mortality rate Studies show that the mortality rate among Australian males is high as compared to female counterpart. The mortality rate is accompanied with low life expectancy of 78.7 years compared to 83.7 years for females. The mortality rate is due to disparities that are found in health care provision. In addition, drug abuse for instance smoking is rampart among Australian male making their health condition poor. This gives room for policy that can create awareness among Australian male on male health (World Health Organization Global Forum on Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, 2001). Health inequities The life expectancy among male that is 78.7 years though is one of the highest in the world is still lower as compared with life expectancy of female. Contributing factor for the difference in life expectancy between male and female result from inequalities in health care services provision that is experience in the health sector. Previously Australian female were given first priority when it come to health care services, the government had to come up with solution to reduce health care inequities (ABS, 2011). Limited access to health care services The health system in Australia was couple with limited accessibility of health care services and injustices experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males. Australian male have few clinical facilities that offer male health care. This is worst among the disadvantaged Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males (AIHW, 2011). Poor health and health care outcomes Poor health condition that Australian male lives in that are characterized by obesity, smoking, drug addiction and poor exercise leads to poor health conditions. Poor health care outcomes are also attributed to poor health conditions. Some indigenous males such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males have poor access to health care services that result in poor health outcomes (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008). Policy Framework The problems that are part of Australian health care services need the necessary framework to tackle. The framework for policy includes community impact, effectiveness, expected media reception and constitutional framework (Royal Australian College of General Practitioners). Community impact The policy touches some of the community challenges that affects families and adoption means the community reaction is positive. For a long time the moral and dignity of Australian male has been fading away and completely replaced by contemporary culture that limit the status of Australian male in the society. The National Male Health Policy seeks to restore the respect, interest and quality life of male population. This implies that the Policy has the social framework that impacts the community directly (Hill, 2008). Cost Effectiveness A brief cost analysis indicates that the National Male Health Policy made the government to incur cost to ensure the health of Australian male is improved. Though the Australian male pay for health services offered at clinics, the policy remains economically effective. The government allocated funds to implement the Policy as a strategy to improve health care services (Applied Economics, 2003). Expected media reception Upon the launch of National Male Health Policy, the media received the policy through publication of expert analysis. Different experts provided analysis to the political impact of the policy in the society. In addition, several politicians were invited during talk shows to give their side view on the National Male Health Policy. Though the overall media reception was deemed positive few online users reticulated the policy as gender bias and male oriented. Finally, the media provided some of the weaknesses of the policy that needed improvement especially implementation (Halford, 2000). Constitutional framework As reported by Richardson (2004), its the government constitutional mandate to develop and implement policies that regulate the health sector. Different legal experts also provided the legal basis of the National Male Health Policy and its relevance to Australian health care service up-to-date. Importantly enough, constitution provide the legal framework for conceptualization of health care policies. The government therefore put all the legal think tank for the analysis of impact of formulating a health policy such as National Male Health Policy. Analyse The Current Literature Objectives of health care policy In order to achieve good male health policy there are several objectives that need to be met. Some of the objectives of good male health policy are optimal health outcomes, equity health provision, safety health care services, injury prevention and accessible health care services. According to National Preventative Health Taskforce (2009), equity health provision is the primary objective of health care policy. The outcome of research on health provision among both male and female population the research indicated that a substantive number of male die as compared to the number of female. Another study by Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2008) also shows that the Potential Years of Life Lost is higher among Australian male due to a number of diseases that are preventable. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2005) reported that the policy options need to equalize the health care services to both gender since Australian male has suffered due to inequalities between male and female. Begg et al (2007), shows that safety health care service is another key health priority of the government not only in Australia but also in the world. Patients that are admitted in the hospitals throughout the country normally safer from injury that may occur in health care facilities. According to Gardner Barraclough (2008), the most vulnerable for injury are men since there is common notion that male population is tolerance to difficult conditions. As compared to female who require high level of attention, attendance to male gender remains low in most health facilities. Marginalization of male gender points to the need for policy transformation to improve health safety among male patients. All Australians are entitle to accessible health care service regardless of gender and ethnicity. As Bridgman and Davis (2000) explains many Australian males were suffering from inaccessible health care services the condition with the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males has worse than that of any other groups of Australians. The worse health conditions characterized with less accessible health services prompted the government to look for lasting solution. According to Australian Government (2009), the government always have goal of accessible health care to achieve. COAG (2008) reported that it is the mandate of health care department to develop policies that ensure accessible health care services to all Australian male. Decision parameters Policy development and implementation takes into account some parameters that help in decision making. These parameters include resources that are needed, timeframe and priorities. Pool of resources is needed to make decision concerning the policy and these may include human resources, financial resources, political will and good legal backup. AIHW (2011) cites human resources composition of key stakeholders in the health care system. Human resources according to Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council (2008) include health practitioners, care providers and consultation from male themselves. Favorable political will is needed at the development and implementation stage of the health policy. In addition, as stated by Adams (2006), key government officials are involved in decision making pertaining policy. Moreover, consultation with the male patients provides information on key touchy issues that the policy needs to address. The legal backup is important since it provides the grounds for regulation of activities of the health system. Finally, financial resources are crucial for creation of health awareness and campaigning during the public involvement in th e development of policy. Major priorities to consider when developing health policy focuses mostly on the need of Australian male, equity health services, improved health among age groups, and reduction of poor health. Firstly, the basis of policy development according to Halford (2000) understands the need of Australian male. Australian male is faced with many challenges that need to be addresses the fore most important need is health care services. Secondly, as stated by Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008) Australian government policy development considers equity in health provision as the solution for male marginalization. Thirdly, report by World Health Organization Commission on Social Determinants of Health (2008) also campaign for reduction of poor health lifestyle among Australian male characterized by drug addiction, obesity and limited exercise. Recommendation For Change Some of the alternatives solutions to the problems experience by Australian male are health education, counseling and health insurance. There is need to develop health education program that aim to provide education to Australian male. Certain issues such as dealing with stress, healthy eating, good exercise, reduction of alcohol consumption and good sleep male should be taught. Australian government should come up with good educational policy that target men visiting health care facilities to train them on good healthy living. According to McEachan, Lawton, Jackson Lunt (2008), the strategy is tied to economic benefits such as reduced financial challenges due to medical treatment. As Hill (2008) cites good and healthy living reduce stress and lower health risk associated with mental strain during body activities. Healthy living also as explained reduce risk of contacting cancer since male clients can be trained on eating food that reduce cancer risk. Finally, educating Australian male also impact them with need to apply a preventive approach such as health assessment on life threatening conditions such as cancer. Building strong counseling policy is another option that is good for helping Australian male. For this strategy the health service department needs to formulate policy that incorporates counseling as the core option for assessing the challenges male faces in health care system. Research conducted by Ring OBrien (2007) shows that counseling help reduce stress by 40% due to reduction of mental tension. Similar research by World Health Organization (2001) also cites that some of male patients suffer a lot due to stress caused by family related challenges. To solve these challenges patients need proper counseling before leaving hospital facility. Counseling is particularly touching social framework and economic benefits since its deals with family issues hence production at workplace. Another policy option is investment in health insurance for employed and non-employed male population. The government needs to come up with health insurance policy that can make employers to consider working with health care system to ensure that male employees have health insurance. In addition, workplace hazards or injuries should be reduced under this policy to protect male population from being endangered (World Health Organization Global Forum on Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, 2001). According to economic experts this is cost effective since dividing some of employees payment to secure their health assist in treatment in case of any workplace accidents. This will also save some marginalized male such as those from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. Health insurance policy also helps increase health care accessibility among the male populations. Finally, employers need to reduce workplace harassment of male population so as to restore the dignity of male gender in Au stralia (ABS, 2011). Conclusion In conclusion, cross analysis of National Male Health Policy reveals that Australian male has been marginalized in the society. Some of the issues that are revealed in the National Male Health Policy analysis are low accessibility of health care services, poor health care outcomes, inequity in health care provision, high mortality rate and poor health living. The health services has been inaccessible to most Australian males with the worst being among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males (AIHW, 2011). Most of male attending health care facilities show that the health outcomes are not satisfactory as compared to female counterpart. The poor health outcomes are accompanied with high mortality rate. The mortality rate is high as compared to the mortality rate among Australian female. Similarly the analysis revealed that Australian male has been experiencing inequity health care provision as much attention is given to female counterpart. Finally, the health conditions are wors t among male characterized with heavy smoking, obesity and alcohol addiction In order to solve the above challenges affecting Australian male National Male Health Policy provides framework for optimum health outcomes, accessible health services, equity health provision, preventive approach and health awareness. National Male Health Policy seeks to improve the health outcomes up to optimum as compared to the previous outcomes. The policy highlighted strategies that create accessible health care services for male gender. To fulfill constitutional mandate the policy also outline the necessary steps to provide equity health services. The policy also cites some preventive approaches that are taken to prevent health problems as oppose to treatment. Finally the National Male Health Policy also lobby different pressure groups to campaign for health awareness among Australian male (Applied Economics, 2003). The policy analysis finally came up with some solutions to ensure effective implementation of the policy citing some changes that need to make. The policy addresses some education of male, health insurance and counseling. The analysis identified male education as one of the solution to problem affecting Australian male. Studies suggest that educating Australian male on the need for health living is important for ensuring good implementation of National Male Health Policy. Health insurance strategy is another proposed solution to health challenges witnessed in the health system. Health insurance connects workplace and health care facility to ensure good health care service among employed males. Finally, counseling is another proposed solution for health disparities. Counseling creates health awareness and solve the stress issues that affect male health. Counseling can work independently as a policy to improve health and also as part of implementation of National Male Health Policy (Au stralian Health Ministers Advisory Council, 2008). Reference ABS, National Health Survey 2007-08 Summary of Results. Cat 4364.0. AIHW, Diabetes: Australian Facts 2008. ABS, (2011), Australian Social trends, Data cube-health (No. 4102.0). Retrieved 22 May 2012 from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/4102.0?opendocument#from-banner=LN Adams M (2006) Raising the profile of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders mens health: An Indigenous mans perspective, Australian Aboriginal Studies, 2, pp.68-74 AIHW, (2011), 2010 National drug strategy household survey report. Canberra, Australia: AIHW. Applied Economics, (2003), Returns on Investment in Public Health: An Epidemiological and Economic Analysis. Canberra, Australia: Department of Health and Ageing. or cite this way? Retrieved 27 May 2012 from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/19B2B27E06797B79CA256F190004503C/$File/roi_eea.pdf Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008) Deaths Australia, 2007, 3302.0, ABS, Canberra Australian Government (2009) A Stronger, Fairer Australia, Canberra Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2005) Australian Health Inequalities Bulletin Issue 25, March, AIHW, Canberra Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2010), A snapshot of mens health in regional and remote Australia, Rural Health Series no. 11, cat. no. PHE 120, AIHW, Canberra. Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council (2008) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework Report 2008, AHMAC, Canberra Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2008), Australias Health, 2008 cat. no. 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Halford WK (2000) Australian Couples in Millennium Three, Background paper for the National Families Strategy, Department of Family and Community Services Hill, S. (2008), Improving health literacy: What should or could be on an Australian policy agenda? Presentation to Department of Health and Ageing On behalf of the Cochrane Policy Liaison Network McEachan R, Lawton R, Jackson C, Connor M Lunt J (2008) Evidence, theory and context: Using intervention mapping to develop a worksite physical activity intervention, BMC Public Health, 8:326 NSW Department of Health (1999), NSW detoxification clinical practice guidelines. Sydney: State. Health Publication Number (DTPU) 990049. National Preventative Health Taskforce, (2009), Australia: The healthiest country by 2020 - National preventative health strategy. 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